Systems

• The human body is made up of different systems that coordinate with one another in order to perform their functions well.
• If any part of these organ systems malfunctions, the body will become unbalanced.
• The instability caused by the malfunctioning of one system cannot be made stable by other systems because each system has its own function in the body.
• Human body systems are the combined functional units composed of various organs that work in full coordination with one other.
• In Grade 9, you have already studied how the circulatory and respiratory systems work together and how lifestyle affects these systems.
• The coordinated functions of the reproductive, endocrine, and nervous systems are studied in this module.
• Organisms having feedback mechanisms are coordinated by the nervous and endocrine systems.
• These feedback mechanisms help organisms maintain homeostasis to reproduce and survive.
• The nervous system coordinates and regulates feedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis.
• Cells make up a tissue, then tissues make up an organ, and organs make up a system.
• The nervous system connects all your body parts and transmits signals from one part to another.
• The nervous system is a system of cells, tissues, and organs that regulates the body’s responses to internal and external stimuli.
• Each part of the nervous system has a specific role as it functions as an important part of a system.
• The Central Nervous System (CNS) serves as the main processing center for the entire nervous system.
• The brain, located within the skull, functions as the organizer and distributor of information for the body.
• The brain consists of three main parts: the Cerebrum, the Cerebellum, and the Brain Stem.
• The pituitary gland controls the function of the testes.
• The Cerebrum is the large, upper part of the brain that controls activity and thought.
• The pituitary gland controls the function of the ovaries.
• The follicles produce hormones that control the growth and release of eggs from the ovaries.
• The female reproductive system is also regulated by hormones.
• These hormones keep the reproductive system properly functioning.
• The pituitary gland controls the functions of both the testes and the ovaries.
• Hormones play an important role in both male and female reproductive systems.
• While other hormones prepare the uterus so a baby can grow in it, other hormones still control the stretching of the uterus during pregnancy.
• The Cerebellum is the part under the cerebrum that controls posture, balance, and coordination.
• The Brain Stem is the part that connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls automatic functions such as breathing, digestion, heart rate, and blood pressure.
• The Spinal Cord serves as a channel for signals between the brain and the rest of the body, and controls simple musculoskeletal reflexes without input from the brain.
• The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) connects the central nervous system to the organs and limbs.
• The Somatic Nervous System, associated with the voluntary control of body movements, has two main parts: the Spinal Nerves and the Autonomic Nervous System.
• The Spinal Nerves are the nerves that carry motor and sensory signals between the spinal cord and the body.
• The reproductive system involved in sexual reproduction is called the reproductive system.
• The production of sperm cells and the release of semen can be regulated by hormones or special chemicals that come from the testis, the brain and the pituitary gland.
• The male and female reproductive systems share a number of similarities, including the fact that their reproductive organs are developed from the same embryological structures and some hormones are commonly found in both male and female, in varying quantities and produce different responses.
• The male reproductive system consists of the testis which produces sperm cells, the scrotum which is a sac of skin that holds the testis, the penis which deposits sperms into the vagina during mating, the vas deferens which carries sperm from testes to urethra, the urethra which carries sperm and urine out of the body, and the glands which provide liquid in which sperm can swim and secretes a fluid that makes up most of the components of the semen, a slightly alkaline milky fluid that is discharged as part of the semen, and a thick and clear mucus that lubricates and neutralizes the any trace
• Humans depend on reproduction for the survival of the species.
• The uterus and the vagina are in the middle part, with an ovary on each side of the uterus.
• The male reproductive system also has prostate glands which nourish the sperm cells and help them mature.
• The internal reproductive organs of the female are located within the pelvis, between the urinary bladder and rectum.
• The female reproductive system consists of the ovaries which produce egg cells, the oviducts (Fallopian tubes) which serve as passageway of eggs from the ovary to the uterus and are the site of egg fertilization, the uterus which serves as site of egg implantation and is where the fertilized egg develops, the vagina which receives the penis of male during mating, and the external genitalia.