FOR. POLYGRAPHY

• Polygraph - It is an instrument capable of recording changes in blood pressure, pulse, respiration ad skin resistance in the physiological phenomena that may be used as bases for the application of a reliable technique of diagnosing truth or deception
• Poly - many or having several
• graphy - writing
• polygraphy literally means "many writings"
• Polygraph is commonly called as lie detector; polygraph machine; deceptograph and truth verifier
• Analog Polygraph has 4 instruments namely; Pneumograph, Galvanograph, cardiosphymograph, and kymograph
• Computerized Polygraph has 3 instruments namely; Pneumograph, Galvanograph, and cardiosphymograph,
• Subject - a person that undergoes polygraph examination.
• Polygraphy is sometimes called scientific truth verification
• Relevant Questions - questions directly related to the issue being investigated.
• Polygraph examiner is also called Forensic Psychophysiologist
• Hans Gross - father of Criminalistics
• in his earlier book System der Kriminalistiks, Gross emphasized that a large part of the criminalist's work involves battle against lies.
• Trial by ordeal is also known as judicium dei
• Methods involving the use of scientific devices that record psychophysiologist response:

  1. Word Association Techniques
  2. Psychological Stress Evaluation
  3. Polygraphy
• Methods involving the use of substances that "inhibit the inhibitor"

  1. Administration of "truth serum"
  2. Narcoanalysis / Narcosynthesis
  3. Intoxication with alcohol
• In Vino Veritas - In wine, there is truth
• New Sophisticated techniques of detecting deception not metioned by Solis:

  1. Computer Voice Stress Analysis
  2. Brain Scanning
  3. Iris Analysis
• Forensic Lie Detection is better known in the academe as Forensic Psychophysiology
• According to Dr. William Yankee, polygraph is one of the most complex psychophysiological examinations ever developed
• Cardio-sphymograph examines heartbeat and pulse rate
• Cesare Lombroso - Italian criminologist who used the "hydrosphymograph" in the experiment he had conducted on actual criminal suspects...
• Cesare Lombroso - the first person to utilize an instrument for the purpose of detecting lies
• Angelo Mosso - pursued his studies of emotion and fear and its influence on the heart and respiration with instrument for measuring blood pressure and pulse change called "plethysmograph"
• Plethysmograph was invented by Francis Franke
• Plethysmograph reveals periodic undulations in blood pressure caused by respiration cycle
• Plethysmograph was placed in arm to identify the blood pressure of the subject
• William Marston - who used an ordinary "Sphygmomanometer" by means which he obtained periodic, discontinuous blood pressure reading during the course of a test/
• William Marston = He is considered the father of modern polygraph
• John Larson - who constructed an instrument capable on continuously recording all the three phenomena namely; Blood pressure, pulse, and respiration
• The instrument designed by Larson has the muscular movement pen for arms and thighs.
• Leonarde Keeler - who constructed a more satisfactory instrument than one used by Larson. He also introduced the card test and the peak of tension test.
• Pneumograph = detects breathing patterm
• Vittorio Benussi - Published an account of his research on respiration changes as symptoms of deception
• Vittorio Benussi - He detected deception with a pneumograph that graphically measures the inhalation and exhalation
• Harold Burtt - improvised and conformingly utilized the techniques of Benussi
• Harold Burtt - He found out that changes in systolic blood pressure were greater value in determining deception than in changes in respiration
• Galvanograph - detect electrodermal responses/activity
• Luigi Galvani - who was recorded the distinction for developing the Galvanic Skin Reflex (GSR), wjich records electrical bodily resistance in terms of ohms, the lowest current ever recorded.
• Sticker - responsible in discovering the amazing possibility of Electrodermal response in discovering emotions. He claimed that a person has no control as to their response