global variations in economic development + quality of life

• People migrate due to push factors such as fleeing dangerous situations and pull factors like seeking employment opportunities.
• Brandt line divided the world into rich north and poor south, a classification that is outdated and simplistic as India is no longer seen as a poor country.
• World bank classification categorizes a country’s development as LIC, NEE or HIC, where LICs have GNI per capita of ≤ $1,045, NEEs have GNI per capita of < $12,695 and HICs have GNI per capita of > $12,695.
• Economic and social measures of development include GNI per capita, birth rate, death rate, infant mortality rate, life expectancy, people per doctor, literacy rate, and access to safe water.
• Limitations of measures of development include birth rate, which can be changed by government policies, as evidenced by China’s one child policy decreasing birth rate despite the country being not as developed as other countries with a decreasing birth rate.
• Rich countries may have an ageing population and increasing death rate.
• Uneven development can increase rates of international migration.
• Causes of uneven development include physical factors such as difficult landscape, and economic factors like high debt.
• Historical causes of uneven development include colonisation, where colonial powers steal resources of colonies to grow their own economy.
• Consequences of uneven development include wealth inequality, where the richest 10% receives 52% global income, while the poorest 50% receives 8% global income.
• The demographic transition model shows population changes over time and is linked to levels of development.
• Consequences of uneven development also include health inequality, as people in less developed countries can’t access clean water and sanitation, leading to higher incidences of disease and lower life expectancy.
• The stages of the demographic transition model are: low population, high birth rate, high death rate; rapid population growth, high birth rate, declining death rate; slowing population growth, declining birth rate, low death rate; little population growth, low birth rate, low death rate; and declining population, very low birth rate, low death rate.
• GNI doesn’t consider standard of living and hides information about very rich or very poor.