Neuro Y2S2

• Levels of behavioural neuroscience- Behavioral- Network- Synaptic- Cellular- molecular(dna)- each level adds more to the story
• Neuroscience- interdisciplinary study of the nervous system- end goal is understand function of brain and nervous system- Understand neurological diseases
• Neuroscience term- Coined by francis O. Schmitt- MIT’s neuroscience program in 1962
• DNA, RNA and proteins- gene expression- molecular neuroscience- chemicals of what makes neuro function possible
• Cellular neurology- Neurons/ brain cells
• Synaptic neuroscience- strength and flexibility of connections between nerves
• Network neuroscience- multiple networks in the brain
• Behavioural neuroscience- biological psychology- use all the lower levels to tell a story- study of biological correlates of behaviour
• Behaviour can impact biology and vice versa
• Stress- compromised immune system
• Loneliness can cause a compromised immune system
• Organisation neurology- underpinnings of group performance and leadership
• Behavioural neuroscience- Robots and AI
• Computational neuroscience- producing models of the nervous system from molecular level to behavioural level- predictions from these models can be compared to living systems
• Practical application of computational neuroscience- Decoding neural activity to estimate what the brain is doing and how it works
• All levels of neuroscience complement each other- interdisciplinary field
• 7000 years ago- brain surgery via trephining- these people understood the vital role of the brain- hope of releasing demons or pressure
• The edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus- oldest known medical writing in history- 1600 BCE- Papyrus understood paralysis came from nerve damage- did not know how to treat the damage- Egypt
• Hippocrates- brain is organ of sensation- correctly identified epilepsy as originating in the brain
• Galen- Greek- believed in ventricles playing in an important role in transmitting messages for the brain- this is wrong and influenced thinking for 1500
• Monism- mind is the result of brain activity- can be studied
• Light microscope- Anton Van Leeuwenhoek- 1674
• Luigi Galvani- electricity as the mode of communication in the nervous system
• Charles Bell and Francois Magendie- Nerve information only travels in one direction
• Camillo Golgi- Nervous system is a vast interconnected network of fibers
• Santiago Ramon y Cajal- Array of different, independent cells in the nervous system- Neuron doctrine- Shared a nobel prize with camillo
• Franz Josef Gall- Brain localization- Elaborated on by Johann gaspar- Phrenology
• Paul Broca- Language function, broca’s area
• Gustav & Eduard- Opposite side action of body to the brain
• Charles Sherrington- Synapse- reflexes and motor systems
• Sir John Eccles, Andrew Huxley, and Alan Hodgkin share the 1963 Nobel Prize for their work in advancing our understanding of the way neurons communicate
• John Hughlings Jackson explains brain functions as a hierarchy, with more complicated functions carried out by higher levels of the brain
•  Bernard Katz received the 1970 Nobel Prize for his work on chemical transmission at the synapse
• Otto Loewi- Chemical signals in synapse
• Invasiveness- Amount of harm associated with a method
• Spatial resolution- Detailed structural images- ability to see fine details in an image
• Temporal resolution- provide information without delay- fewer seconds between a neural event and its recording- ability to obtain information without delay
• Methods in neuroscience- Spatial and temporal resolution
• Microscopic methods- histological- observing cell structure and organisation
• IEEG- intracranial electroencephalograms- surgery & invasive