Lecture 5

• The following MRI scan shows the nasal breathing (genioglossus)

  
• The following MRI scan shows the mouth breathing (tensor palati)

  
• The pharyngeal dilator reflexes is as follows:

  1. Pressure receptors
  2. Brainstem
  3. Pharyngeal muscle contraction
• From the pressure receptors to the brainstem involves the afferent (trigeminal nerve)
• From the brainstem to the pharyngeal muscle contraction involves efferent (vagus nerve)
• The pharyngeal dilator reflex occurs at 50ms
• Snoring involves 25% of sleep disordered breathing and 10% is sleep apnoea
• The features of sleep disorded breathing involves snoring and daytime somnolence, to treat this, weight loss and CPAP should be considered
• The production of ciliated epithelial cells is present in the:

  1. Nose and Pharynx
  2. Trachea and Bronchi
  3. Bronchioles
• The nose and pharynx have pseudostratified cells

  
• The trachea and bronchi has columnar cells

  
• The bronchioles have cuboidal cells

  
• The production of goblet cells is present in the:

  Mucin granules which are released in response to -

  1. Airway irritation
  2. Tobacco Smoke
  3. Infection
• The structure of the movement of the airway lining involves:

  1. Mucous layer
  2. Periciliary layer

  
• Cilia is inhibited by:

  1. Tobacco Smoke
  2. Inhaled Anaesthetics
  3. Air pollution
  4. Infections
• The two strokes present within the movement of the airway involve the:

  1. Recovery stroke
  2. Effective stroke
• The following image shows the recovery stroke

  
• The following image shows the effective stroke

  
• The functions of the airway lining fluid involves:

  1. Conditioning Air
  2. Airway defence
• Conditioning air warms and humidifies therefore:

  1. Nose better than mouth
  2. Affected by breathing pattern
  3. Heat & moisture exchanger
  4. Active control of periciliary layer

  
• Airway defence has a muco-ciliary escalator and expectorartion