Chapter 1 : At the turn of the 20th C.

• The American Civil War

  1861-1865
• The American civil war opposed the United States (Grant & Lincoln - The "Union") againts the Confederate States (Jefferson David, Lee)
• The American Civil war was caused by the dispute over slavery and there was between 600,000 and 1 million deaths
• Foote : "Before the civil war, the US were a federation of states"
• After the Civil war, The US were in a time of reconstruction with the Second industrial revolution and industrial development
• Reconstruction of the US : Building infrastructures (roads) so there was a need of raw material (steel, coal...) as well as a need of work force and money.
• What changed during the Reconstruction of the US ?

  Labor changed (apparition of the middle class) and businesses expanded (apparition of Capitalism)
• What new things appeared in the US during the Reconstruction ?

  New technologies (industrial revolution & development), new goods and consumerism (Capitalism)
• What myths about the US was created after the Reconstruction ?

  The American dream & the Self-made man
• Urbanisation appeared after the Civil War. It meant that cities were developing : growing upward and outward, there was more jobs and basically more opportunities
• 1880-1910s was a period of massive...

  Immigration
• Peak of immigrants per year in the early 20th ?

  1 million per year
• "Old immigration"

  People from Western and Northern Europe
• "New immigration"

  People from Eastern & Southern Europe, Asia
• The Reconstruction's efforts concerning Racism & segregation were swept away by ? (In Florida)

  By the Jim Crow Laws
• Date of the First Jim Crow Law separating "Black" and "White" housing

  1887
• The 'Civil Rights Cases' : the federal government can't protect Black people from discrimination.
• the "Civil Rights Cases”

  1883
• Plessy v. Ferguson; the idea of “separated but equal” (arrêt de la Cour Suprême des US)


  1896
• Cumming v. Board of Education : segregation to schools

  1899
• Officially no land without settlers


  1890
• Number of New states by 1900

  14 new States
• James Monroe became president in

  1823
• Under Monroe's presidency, the western hemisphere was no longer open to colonization
• Under Monroe presidency :

  • European efforts to control or influence the region would be seen as a threat to US security
  • The US wished for a certain “isolationism”
• In the 1820s, The US wished for a certain...


  Isolationism
• Date when Theodore Roosevelt added the right for the US to intervene in Latin America to protect its economic interests

  1904
• In 1904, Roosevelt added the right for the US to intervene in Latin America to protect its economic interests. What did it changed for the International status of the US ?


  Transformed the idea of "Pan-Americanism" to "American Imperialism"
• What is the idea “Pan-Americanism”

  A federation of Western hemisphere nations
• What are the 3 theories of American Imperialism

  Economic exploitations, Humanitarian idealism and Defense
• Capitalist societies :

  First production of goods, second they MUST be sold
• Capitalists societies (as the US) seek underdeveloped nations for 3 things

  Exploit raw materials, Invest their money and sell their products
• Economic exploitation (American Imperialism) Businesses pressured the government to provide profitable conditions.
• Economic exploitation (American Imperialism) : Acquiring new markets abroad translates into jobs and economic growth at home
• Humanitarian Idealism in the US is about the myth of Manifest destiny, the American exceptionalism and the idea that the US must spread these ideals
• Myth of Manifest Destiny says that

  Americans have a mission
• What makes American exceptionalism ? (Ils prennent la grosse tête)

  Democracy, freedom and progress
• Defense under American imperalism needed

  A navy for protection. this navy needed to move freely between the Pacific and the Atlantic ocean.
• The US helped a revolution in Columbia, Panama became independent in 1903. the US signed a treaty to build, own, and control the Panama Canal (until 1999). This contributed to the idea of American Imperialism
• Panama became independent in


  1903