Psychology ATAR Year 11 - 2024

• neuron diagram

  
• bystander effect


  the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
• diffusion of responsibility


  the tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way
• social inhibition


  The tendency to perform complex or difficult tasks more poorly in the presence of others
• social facilitation


  stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
• Four stages of cognitive development

  sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
• Piaget's Theory

  Theory stating that children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development.
• Hallucinogens


  psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
• Stimulants


  Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.
• Depressants


  drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions
• peripheral nervous system


  the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body
• The Central Nervous system


  consists of the brain and spinal cord
• ethics in research

  informed consent, confidentiality, debriefing, deception
• correlation study


  study that determines the relationship between 2 variables
• Surveys


  Questionnaires and interviews that ask people directly about their experiences, attitudes, or opinions.
• case study


  an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
• cognitive interventions


  Learned skills and behaviours that can be used to combat prejudice
• intergroup contact


  increasing direct contact between two groups who are prejudiced against each other
• social influence


  the effect that the words, actions, or mere presence of other people have on our thoughts, feelings, attitudes, or behavior
• Intergroup Competition


  competition between groups for access to available resources
• Impact of group size

  A size increase = more Division of Labor (DOL)

  Size increase - more rigidity and formality

  Size increase = more need for formal leadership

  Size increase = change in communication patterns

  Size increase = cohesion decrease
• Brainstorming


  the process of getting a group to think of unlimited ways to vary a product or solve a problem
• competition


  the struggle between organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resources
• cooperation


  Behavior by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit
• social identity


  the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships
• self-concept


  our understanding and evaluation of who we are
• Nature vs. Nurture


  Do genes (nature) or environmental factors (nurture) contribute more to a person's being?
• Continuity vs. Discontinuity


  Does development smoothly progress or shift abruptly?
• Social Identity Theory


  theory in which the formation of a person's identity within a particular social group is explained by social categorization, social identity, and social comparison
• Emotional Development


  The process of learning to recognize and express feelings and establish a unique personal identity
• Deindividuation


  the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
• Social Loafing


  the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
• Sensory Organs


  receive impulses from environment and relay impulses to brain including skin, tongue, nose, eyes, and ears
• Equation for IQ

  IQ = mental age/chronological age x 100
• mental age


  a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance
• projective measures of personality

  -Rorschach test

  -Thematic Appreception Test (TAT)

  -Sentence completion test
• Superego


  the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations
• Ego


  the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
• Id


  a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.
• Freud's personality theory


  id, ego, superego