MODULE 1 - CELL AND MEMBRANE TRANSPORT

• Cell Membrane is a type of plasma membrane that covers the entire cell and is selectively permeable.
• The structure of the plasma membrane consists of the phospholipid bilayer, which is made up of hydrophilic “heads” and hydrophobic “tails”.
• Membrane transport is the process where a substance moves from one gradient or side of the membrane to the other.
• Passive transport is a mode of transport mechanism where a substance moves down or with its concentration or electrical gradient without the use of energy or ATP.
• Active transport involves the use of energy or ATP and is the opposite of passive transport.
• Diffusion is a process where particles move from an area of higher solute concentration to an area of lower solute concentration.
• Osmosis is the diffusion of water from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration or lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
• Dialysis is a method of separating particles of various sizes and dimensions in a liquid solution using a thin semi-permeable membrane wherein the pores are too small for larger particles to pass through but enough to allow ions to pass through.
• Increase in temperature also increases the kinetic energy, thus increasing the rate of diffusion.
• Hypotonic solution makes the cell larger, hypertonic solution makes the cell smaller.
• Proteins, sugars, and salts can be tested using specific tests.
• Heller’s Test for Proteins results in a yellow ring with a cloudy layer.
• Fehling’s Test for reducing Sugar results in a color change into brown.
• Barium Chloride Test for Salts results in precipitation and salt crystals.
• 0.1% - less concentrated, water moves in the potato, making it larger. the type of solution is  HYPOTONIC
• 0.9% - same concentration of salt, no changes. the type of solution is ISOTONIC
• 25% - more concentrated, water moves out the potato, making it shrink/smaller. the type of solution is HYPERTONIC
• Dialysis is done to remove waste and excess water from blood. These are for the patients that have lost a kidney or have failing kidneys