other

• 2 types of waves:

  constructive waves

  destructive waves
• destructive waves occur more often an have a shorter wave length. They have a swash with minimal impact, but a more powerful backwash, pulling sediment away from the beach
• constructive waves are less frequent and have a longer wavelength. They have a powerful swash but a weak backwash, building the beach up
• freeze-thaw weathering

  
• 2 main types of weathering:

  mechanical

  chemical
• mechanical weathering - the breaking up or wearing away of rocks, example of this is freeze-thaw weathering
• chemical weathering - where mineral composition is changed, causing rocks to dissolve, rain water is naturally slightly acidic which slowly weathers the rocks
• sliding

  
• slumping

  
• 3 types of mass movement:

  sliding

  slumping

  rock fall
• rockfall

  
• sliding - where the rock type of the area is made up in layers, each a different type to the rock above/below it. When it rains, water will seep through the permeable rock and get stuck at any impermeable rock. The water will build up and the layers will eventually slide off
• slumping - similar to sliding, however there are fewer layers and the layers are flats. Very often the cliff will be permeable rock with only one layer of impermeable rock
• soft rock - is not resistant to erosion and is easily eroded away
• hard rock - is resistant to erosion and not easily eroded away
• permeable rock - rock that allows water to pass through it
• impermeable rock is rock that does not allow water to pass through
• rock fall - only occurs in cliffs made entirely from hard rock. Usually cause by mechanical weathering, involves large chunks of hard rock falling from the cliff face
• swash - waves that carry sediment up the beach
• backwash - sediment carried back down the beach as wave draws back
• longshore drift is the movement of sediment along the beach that is dependent on the direction of the prevailing wind direction
• hard engineering strategies - man made structures to protect the coastline, change the look of the coastline reducing tourism and are usually expensive
• soft engineering - cheap and keep the coast looking natural, however they are less effective and need replacing more often
• managed retreat - realizing the costs outweigh the benefits of protecting the coast, so moving all towns, buildings and structures further into land and letting erosion happen
• hard engineering:

  • sea wall
  • groynes
  • rock armour
  • gabions
• soft engineering:

  • beach nourishment
  • dune regeneration
  • manage retreat
• sea wall :

  concrete or rock barrier against the sea, often have a curved face to reflect waves back into the sea

  +effective at stopping the sea, usually has walkway ontop of it

  _ looks unnatural and can be expensive to maintain