homeostasis

• Homeostasis is the regulation of conditions inside the body to maintain a stable internal environment in response to changes in both internal and external conditions.
• Homeostasis can maintain our internal environment even if changes are taking place outside of ourselves.
• Homeostasis uses automatic control systems which recognize when there's a change from optimal conditions and send a signal to reverse that change.
• The three main components of automatic control systems are receptors which detect a change, coordination centers such as the brain or spinal cord which interpret that change, and effectors which carry out the change.
• The nervous system sends very fast and precise electrical impulses through nerves which allows us to respond to things very quickly.
• The endocrine system relies on hormones which are small chemicals released into the bloodstream and although they travel throughout the entire body they only affect certain cells that have the right receptors.
• The endocrine system is generally slower, longer lasting, and more generalized than the nervous system.
• Negative feedback is the mechanism that these systems use to work in real life.
• Negative feedback works by decreasing a level when it gets too high and increasing it when it gets too low.
• Homeostasis is the overall process of maintaining a stable internal environment.
• Homeostasis is the regulation of the internal conditions of a cell or organism to maintain optimum conditions for function in response to internal and external changes.
• Homeostasis involves keeping the blood glucose concentration, body temperature, and water levels constant.
• Homeostasis consists of automatic control systems making sure that the internal conditions of the body stay as constant as possible.
• The automatic control systems in the human body can involve the nervous system or hormones.
• Receptor cells detect changes in the environment, which could mean the body's internal conditions such as the concentration of glucose in the blood, or the body's external conditions like the temperature of the skin.
• A change in the environment is referred to as a stimulus.
• Receptor cells pass information to a Coordination Center, which could be the brain, spinal cord, or pancreas.
• The Coordination Center receives and processes the information from the receptor cells and sends instructions to the effector, which is a muscle or gland.
• The job of the effector is to carry out the response, which is to store the optimum level.
• When glucose levels fall below normal, the pancreas releases glucagon, which increases the breakdown of glycogen stored in liver cells.
• Insulin stimulates cells to take up more glucose from the bloodstream, lowering its concentration.
• The pancreas produces insulin, which is released into the bloodstream when glucose levels are high.
• Glucagon also causes the liver to release more glucose into the bloodstream.
• Insulin lowers blood sugar by increasing the uptake of glucose by cells and promoting its storage as glycogen in the liver and muscles.
• Increased insulin production leads to increased glucose uptake by cells, resulting in decreased blood glucose levels.
• Increased insulin production lowers blood sugar levels.
• Glucagon raises the concentration of glucose by breaking down glycogen into glucose molecules.
• Glucagon is produced by alpha cells in the pancreas and is released when there is low blood sugar.
• Glucagon causes the liver to break down glycogen into glucose, increasing blood sugar levels.
• Increased heart rate can be caused by exercise, stress, fear, anger, excitement, pain, low oxygen levels, fever, anemia, dehydration, and certain drugs.
• Increased blood sugar levels trigger beta cells in the pancreas to release insulin.
• Glucagon raises blood sugar by breaking down glycogen stores in the liver and releasing it into the bloodstream.
• Heart rate is controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS), with sympathetic nerves increasing heart rate and parasympathetic nerves decreasing it.
• Hormones such as adrenaline can increase heart rate and breathing rate during exercise or stressful situations.
• Decreased insulin production results in reduced glucose uptake by cells, leading to an increase in blood glucose levels.
• Decreased insulin production results in higher blood sugar levels.
• Sympathetic nerves increase heart rate through the release of adrenaline, while parasympathetic nerves decrease heart rate through the release of acetylcholine.
• Adrenaline triggers the fight-or-flight response, preparing the body for physical activity.
• Glucagon increases blood sugar levels by stimulating the breakdown of stored glycogen in the liver and releasing it into the bloodstream.
• The hormone glucagon stimulates the breakdown of stored glycogen in the liver into glucose.