Living in the IT Era

• ICT- Information and communications technology
• Computer

  • programmable machine
  • electronic device that manipulates information or data.
  • has the ability to PRO DA R S
  • manipulates a data according to a list of instruction
  • aids humans
• 3 principal characteristics of computer

  • Responds to a specific set of instruction
  • Execute a pre-recorded list of instruction
  • Quickly store and retrieve large amount of data
• Earliest Computers originally calculations were computed by humans, whose job title was computers.
• A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities, or even messages.
• An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical calculations.

  
  

  • It used to perform basic arithmetic operations.
• Napier's bones allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate square and cube roots by moving the rods around and placing them in specially constructed boards.
• Slide Rule

  • Is based on Napier's ideas about logarithms.

  • Used primarily for – multiplication – division – roots – logarithms – Trigonometry

  • Not normally used for addition or subtraction
• Pascaline

  • It was its limitation to addition and subtraction.

  • It is too expensive.
• Stepped Reckoner

  • The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide automatically.
• Jacquard Loom

  • The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881.

  • It is an automatic loom controlled by punched cards
• Arithmometer

  • A mechanical calculator invented

  • The first reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating machine.

  • The machine could perform the four basic mathematic functions.

  • The first mass-produced calculating machine
• Difference Engine and Analytical Engine

  • It an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions.

  • Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834

  • It is the first mechanical computer
• First Computer Programmer

  In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to Babbage that he use the binary system. She writes programs for the Analytical Engine.
• Scheutzian Calculation Engine

  • first printing calculator
  • based on difference engine
• Tabulating Machine

  • To assist in summarizing information and accounting

  use of punch card
• Harvard Mark 1

  • Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC).

  • The first electro-mechanical computer
• Z1

  • The first programmable computer.
• Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)

  • It was the first electronic digital computing device.
• ENIAC

  • ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer.

  • It was the first electronic general-purpose computer.
• UNIVAC 1

  The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1) was the first commercial computer.
• EDVAC

  • EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer

  • The First Stored Program Computer

  • It has a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data.
• The First Portable Computer

  • Osborne 1 – the first portable computer.
• The First Computer Company

  • The first computer company was the Electronic Controls Company.
• BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS-AGES

  • Premechanical
  • Mechanical
  • Electromechanical
  • Electronic
• Premechanical

  • When humans first started communicating they would try to use language or simple picture drawings known as petroglyths which were usually carved in rock.
  • Early alphabets were developed such as the Phoenician alphabet.
  • It started off as just marks in wet clay, but later paper was created out of papyrus plant.
  • The most popular kind of paper made was probably by the Chinese who made paper from rags
  • first numbering system- INDIA
  • 775 years later number zero was invented
• Mechanical

  • Technologies like the slide rule (an analog computer used for multiplying and dividing) were invented.
  • ALL of these inventions were HUGE.
• Electromechanical

  • These are the beginnings of telecommunication.
  • Telegraph-morse code
  • Telephone- one of the popular forms of communication
  • First radio-Marconi
  • The first large-scale automatic digital computer in the United States was the Mark 1 created by Harvard University
• Electronic

  • The ENIAC was the first high-speed, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems.
• 4 main sections of digital computing

  • vacuum tubes->transistors->integrated circuit-> CPU
  • punch card->magnetic tape
  • rotating magnetic drums-> magnetic cores->metal oxide semiconductors
  • lowest level language->high-level language FORTRAN AND COBOL->Actual operating system with advance programming language BASIC
• The fourth and latest generation brought in CPUs (central processing units) which contained memory, logic, and control circuits all on a single chip. The personal computer was developed (Apple II). The graphical user interface (GUI) was developed.
• The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms.
• Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. STILL relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output
• The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors
• The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.
• Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). Still in development. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. The goal is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. There are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today.
• Functions of computer in terms of BUSINESS

  • Maintain account
  • Track inventory
  • create presentation
  • manage projects
• Functions of computer in RETAIL AND TRADE

  • Lower product overheads
  • Compare prices
  • Read product reviews
• AbSteAr- Can perform basic operations
• NapSli- limited to multiply and divide