Cell cycle

• The cell cycle consists of the G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase, and M phase.
• During the G1 phase, a gap cell grows and carries out normal functions.
• The S phase, also known as the synthesis phase, is when DNA replication occurs.
• The G2 phase, also known as the gap 2 phase, is when final growth and repair of damage occurs.
• The M phase, also known as the mitosis phase, is when cells are physically divided into two daughter cells.
• Cancer arises due to uncontrolled cell growth.
• Loss of cell ability to undergo apoptosis is a factor in cancer.
• Damage or mutation to tumor suppressor genes can initiate genes involved in DNA repair.
• Gene mutation can result in a silent mutation, a nonsense mutation, a missense mutation, or a frameshift mutation.
• A deletion mutation is a type of gene mutation in which one or more unpredictable changes that involve nucleotides are lost or deleted occurs in chromosomes.
• A duplication mutation is a type of gene mutation in which a portion of chromosome is duplicated or replicated, resulting in multiple copies of that region.
• An inversion mutation is a type of gene mutation in which two breaks occur in one chromosomes region between the breaks rotate.
• A translocation mutation is a type of gene mutation in which a portion of chromosomes is relocated, a gene from one chromosomes moves to another position, and becomes incorporated into a different chromosomes.