biomolecules 2

• Hemoglobin in red blood cells

  ensures enough oxygen is carried in blood
• Other cooling methods that use water

  Panting in dogs

  Transpiration in plants
• Sweat is controlled by the

  hypothalamus
• Solvent

  a substance that is able to dissolve other substances; "like dissolves like"
• Heat of vaporization

  amount of heat needed to convert water from a liquid phase to a gaseous phase
• Specific heat capacity

  amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of water by 1 °C
• Thermal properties

  High specific heat capacity ( SHC )

  High latent heat of vaporization

  High boiling point
• Example of adhesive property

  In leaves water adheres to cellulose fibers; keeps cell walls moist so carbon dioxide can be absorbed
• adhesive properties

  binding of two different molecules
• Example of cohesive property

  water transport in plants; water molecules are not separated in xylem
• Cohesive property

  binding of 2 of the same molecules
• "hydrogen bond"

  Attraction between water molecules

  
  

  force that forms when a hydrogen atom in a polar molecule is attracted to a slightly negative atom of another polar covalent molecule
• Intermolecular forces in Water are called hydrogen bonds

• What is the charge of the oxygen atom in water?

  Partial negative charge
• What is the charge of hydrogen atoms in water?

  Partial positive charge
• How is a water molecule formed?

  A water molecule is formed by polar covalent bonds between an oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms.
• Water is-

  polar with covalent bonds between hydrogen and oxygen
• hydrophobic

  insoluble in water; nonpolar
• hydrophilic

  water-loving; polar
• Hydrogen bonding and dipolarity explain what 4 properties of water?

  adhesive, cohesive, thermal, and solvent properties
• Water molecules are polar .
• Cohesion in water

  hydrogen bonds between polar water molecules cause them to cohere allowing for transpiration in plants moving water against gravity

  surface tension occurs between cohering water molecules
• Sweat uses evaporative cooling to maintain body temperature. As liquids evaporate, they shed molecules into the air. The liquid changes into a gas, drawing heat from the liquid. The process draws heat from the body. Evaporation also cools the remaining liquid because faster-moving hot molecules are more likely to escape into the air.
• Why are lipids more suitable for long term energy storage in humans than carbohydrates?

  lipids release double the energy per gram than carbohydrates

  
  

  can be used as insulation

  can be used as shock absorbers
• hydrolysis

  the breaking of a large molecule (polymer) into smaller ones (monomers)
• Polyunsaturated fatty acid

  more than one double bond
• Monounsaturated fatty acid

  one double bond between carbons
• Saturated fatty acid

  all single bonds between carbons
• Glycogen

  short-term energy storage

  
  

  Can be converted to glucose quickly
• Lipids (energy)

  fats that provide long term energy storage
• Triglycerides

  fat in adipose tissue and oils

  
  

  3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol
• Amylose

  unbranched starch in helix form
• Condensation reaction makes a

  14 glycosidic linkage
• Glucose has how many OH groups

  5
• Condensationreaction

  the linking together of monomers by removal of a water molecule; requires ATP
• Polysaccharides

  many monosaccharides linked together
• Disaccharides

  two linked monosaccharides

  
  

  Maltose = glucose + glucose

  Sucrose = glucose + fructose
• 3 examples of monosaccharides

  glucose, fructose, and ribose
• Fatty acids can be

  saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated.
• What are Monosaccharide monomers

  Simple sugars