2.1 Childhood

• What amount of single parents skip meals to ensure their children have enough to eat?

  2/3
• How much more worse off are single parents single benefit cuts in 2013?

  £100 a month
• How much do children cost their parents a year?

  Around £11,000
• What does say about toxic childhood?

  Palmer says that children in the U.K. now have a toxic childhood due to:

  -The internet

  -Social media

  -Mental health issues

  & all the issues associated with these factors
• What is the child-centered family?

  Higher living standards & smaller family sizes mean parents can afford to provide for their children's needs

  Children are the focal point of the family

  Parents invest into children financially & emotionally and have high aspirations for them
• What does the conflict view argue about childhood?

  It says that childhood isn't perfect and that there's many issues and inequalities that children still face in western society:

  Inequalities among children

  Neglect & abuse

  Inequalities between adults & children

  Control over children's space, time, bodies & resources
• Who believes in the march of progress view?

  Aries & Shorter
• What does the march of progress view argue about childhood?

  Over the past few centuries, the position of children in western societies has been steadily improving and today is better than it has ever been
• What does say about childhood in post modernity?

  Jenks says that childhood is changing & not changing but agrees with Aries that childhood was a creation on modern society & that childhood is preparing the individual to become a productive adult

  -Jenks believe that childhood is changing as society moves from modernity to post modernity

  -In postmodern society, adults are more fearful of their children's security, children seen as vulnerable
• What did say about historical childhood?

  Aries said that in the Middle Ages, the idea of childhood didn't exist and children weren't seen as having different needs to adults

  -Childhood was short & they started work from an early age, they were 'mini adults' with the same rights, duties & skills as adults
• What is the youngest a child in the U.K. can work part time? What jobs are exceptions to this?

  13 is the youngest, except TV, theatre & modelling
• What amount & percentage of child labourers are in hazardous work?

  79 million & nearly half
• How many children worldwide are in child labour? What percentage?

  160 million or 1/10 of the child population
• What do sociologists say about the globalisation of western childhood?

  They say that the notions of western childhood are being globalised and that international humanitarian & welfare agencies have sported & imposed these values on the rest of the world like the idea of it being a separate life stage
• What did say about separateness in childhood?

  Pitcher said that the most important feature of childhood is separateness. The idea that childhood is clear and a distinct life stage, and children have separate life stage from adults
• In what ways is childhood emphasised?

  Laws

  Differences in clothes

  Products & services

  Toys & books

  Entertainment & play areas
• What did say about the disappearance of childhood?

  Postman argues that childhood is disappearing & that there's a trend where children are given the same rights as adults e.g. similar clothing, unsupervised games, crimes etc-He believed orient culture has been replaced by TV culture-As mass literacy evolved in the 19th century, childhood became a separate status& adults had the power to keep knowledge about sex, money, illness etc-He thinks TV blurs the distinction between child & adulthood-Opie (1993) argues childhood isn't disappearing & children still have a separate culture