Carbohydrates

• (CH2O)n


  Molecular formula of carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides


  Single sugars
• Disaccharides 


  Double sugars
• Polysaccharides 


  Many sugars
• C6H12H6


  Molecular Formula of Glucose
• Glucose


  Primary Fuel of the body
• Fructose


  Fruit sugar
• Galactose


  milk sugar
• Aldehyde and Ketone


  Two functional groups in carbohydrates
• Isomers


  same molecular formula but different structure
• Dehydration reaction


  Chem reaction in which two molecules are covalently linked in a reaction that generates H20 as a second product
• Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen


  Carbohydrates components
• Open chain structure


  Long straight chain form of carb
• Hemi-acetal structure


  1st carbon of the glucose condenses with the -OH group of the 5th carbon
• Haworth structure


  Presence of the pyranose ring structure
• Oligosaccharides


  3-10 sugar molecules
• Glycosidic bonds


  It is linked bond between each monosaccharides
• Glycans 


  AKA Polysaccharides
• Glycogen


  Storage form of glucose in humans and other vertebrates
• Glycogen is the animal equivalent of


  starch
• Cellulose 


  most abundant natural biopolymer
• Cellulose mostly found in

  Cell wall
• Aka Chewing


  Mastication
• Mouth


  This is where mechanical and chemical digestion of carbo starts
• Salivary amylase


  Saliva enzyme
• The salivary amylase breaks down

  Amylose and amylopectin
• The strong perostaltic contractions of the stomach mix the carbohydrates into the more uniform mixture of

  Chyme
• Lactose intolerance 


  lactose is not sufficiently broken down
• Small Intestine enzymes

  Maltase, sucrase, lactase
• Large intestine

  Fermentation of viscous fibers
• insulin

  Moves glucose from the blood into cells
• Glucagon


  Signals the liver to release glucose into the blood
• Epinephrine


  Released when emergency fuel needed
• Where most glycogen stored

  Muscles 2/3
• Raffinose and rabinose

  Trisaccharides
• Bread

  Sugar that is absorbable by body
• Pancreatic amylase

  Hydrolyzes starch in small intestine
• Heteropolysaccharides


  Beans, cabbages, brussels
• Glucagon

  Insulin opposing hormone
• Glycemic index


  Creation of numeric value and uses as a guide for choosing healthier carbohydrates