RESEARCH 401

• Research paradigm is an outline that guides the researcher in conceptualizing and conducting the research.
• Research must address: research foundation and research methodology
• Under research foundation are research problem, research questions, hypothesis, theoretical framework, and conceptual framework.
• Under research methodology are review of related literature, research approach and design, data collection, data analysis, and conclusion.
• Research methods refer to the approach the researcher takes in identifying relevant data for the research, and collecting and analyzing the gathered information.
• • Data collection occurs at the area where the problem was observed, from people who are directly involved with the problem or issue​
  • Data collection involves interviews, observations, and documentations​
  • Concerned with understanding human behavior in their natural environment​
  • More flexible as you can add more data until no new participant is around​
  • Hypothesis is generated during or after observation of data
• Quantitative Research Methods involve numerical data which can be measured using numbers and statistics. It uses statistical tools such as mean, median, mode, standard deviation, etc. Quantitative research aims to test hypotheses through experiments and surveys.
• What makes a research qualitative?


  • Data collection occurs at the area where the problem was observed, from people who are directly involved with the problem or issue​
  • Data collection involves interviews, observations, and documentations​
  • Concerned with understanding human behavior in their natural environment​
  • More flexible as you can add more data until no new participant is around​
  • Hypothesis is generated during or after observation of data
• Research Designs​


  organizes the components of their research in an orderly and coherent manner. This is a template for the collection, measurement, and analysis of data. ​
• Phenomenological Design


  This design focuses on obtaining descriptions of the subjects' or respondents' lived experiences either in writing or through interviews.​

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  Goal: To analyze the meaning behind these experiences for each subject, rather than generalizing to a greater population.
• Ethnographic Design


  It is a qualitative method for collecting data often used in the social and behavioral sciences. It involves the collection and analysis of data about cultural groups or minorities.​
• Historical Design

  • It focuses on the identification, location, evaluation, and synthesis of data or evidence from the past to confirm or reject a hypothesis.​
• • Primary Sources (e.g., oral histories, written records, diaries, eyewitnesses' accounts, pictures, videos, and etc.)​
• • Secondary Sources (e.g., second-hand information)​
• Case Study

  • It is a comprehensive, in-depth examination of a specific individual, group of people, or institution. ​

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  • Can either be quantitative or qualitative research depending on the purpose and approach. ​
• research title characteristics

  • Summarize the main idea of the paper​
  • Concise statement of the main topic​
  • Major variables of the research study​
  • Self-explanatory​
  • Describe or imply participants of the study
• Research Title


  prefaces the study by providing summary of the main idea and is usually short and concise.
• Research problem


  states the area of concern whether circumstance needing development, difficulty requiring attention or an inquiry necessitating an answer​
• Scope of the study


  determined primarily by the selection of variables that the research will focus on​
• Variable refer to any characteristic that can have different values or traits that may vary across research participants​
• Delimitation of the study​

  various limitations that arose during the design and conduct of the study​
• A categorical variable (also called qualitative variable) refers to a characteristic that can’t be quantifiable. Categorical variables can be either nominal or ordinal.
• Discrete variable can assume only a finite number of real values within a given interval.
• A variable is said to be continuous if it can assume an infinite number of real values within a given interval. 
• Macrosystem - chapters

  Microsystem - contents
• Quantitative Research​


  GATHER EMPIRICAL EVIDENCES THAT IS WITHIN THE REALM OF THE SENSES​

  Uses structured research instruments​

  Analysis is statistical in nature, involving quantities or numbers which is measurable​
• Qualitative Research​


  DETERMINE PATTERNS AND THEMES FROM THE ACQUIRED DATA​

  Uses semi-structured or structures methods​

  Concerned with generating hypothesis rather than focusing on the testing of hypotheses
• Plagiarism


  Act of using another person's ideas, words, processes, and results without giving due credit​
• Intellectual Property​

  Creations of the mind: inventions; literary and artistic works; and symbols, names, and images used in commerce (WIPO, 2004)
• R.A. 8293​


   It shall protect and secure the exclusive rights of scientists, inventors, artists and other gifted citizens to their intellectual property
• EXTERNAL​

  a. Novelty​

  b. Availability of subject​

  c. Support of the academic community​

  d. Availability and adequacy of facilities and equipment​

  e. Ethical considerations​
• Internal

  a. Experience, training, and qualifications of the researcher​

  b. Motivation, interest, intellectual curiosity, and perceptiveness of the researcher​

  c. Time factor​

  d. Costs and returns​

  e. Hazards, penalties, and handicaps
• purpose of the introduction​

  • introduces the problem, clarify important variables, and discuss its significance to the field of study​
• Introduction

  > Rationalization of the need to research on the problem.​

  > Clarification of the important terminologies for the reader to easily understand what the research is about.​

  > Establishment of the degree of seriousness of the problem which prompted the researcher to look for solutions
• rationale of the problem​

  haring the reasons why the researcher decided to look for solutions of the problem. May include:​

  > personal experiences;​

  > a description of an article read;​

  > a scene witnessed or news heard; and ​

  > a theory that needs to be clarified. ​
• Setting of the problem

  Delimitations of the study, it defines the geographic boundaries of the study. Describes the place the research will be conducted, description of the setting with its distinctive characteristics. Can also include psychological setting if there are any. ​
• basic literature foundation of the study​


  provides clarity on the on the terms or variables used in the study for the understanding of the readers. Sufficient background may also help the researchers in determining the boundaries of the study. ​
• NON-RESEARCHABLE QUESTIONS - questions of value and are answerable by “yes or no” 
• RESEARCHABLE QUESTIONS - questions of opinions, perceptions, or policy that raised accumulated data. This is important for subsequent decision on research design, data collection, and data analysis​
•  FACTOR-ISOLATING QUESTIONS - “what is this” type of questions or sometimes called factor-naming questions because they isolate, categorize. describe, or name factors and situations​