Lecture 2

• The cardiovascular system is a double circulatory system involving:

  1. Two systems - Pulmonary & Systemic
  2. Two functional parts - Conducting: arteries and veins & Exchange: capillaries
• The great vessels involve:

  1. Aorta - to the body
  2. Superior/inferior vena cava - from the body
  3. Pulmonary artery - to lungs
  4. Pulmonary vein - from lungs

  
• Carotid is head, subclavian is upper limb
• The three sections of the aorta include:

  1. Ascending aorta
  2. Arch of aorta
  3. Descending aorta (thoracic/abdominal)

  
• The three types of arteries branching from the descending aorta include:

  1. Unpaired arteries to the GI tract (e.g coelia trunk)
  2. Paired arteries to organs (e.g renal arteries to kidneys)
  3. Paired arteries to the body walls (e.g posterior intercostal arteries)

  
• Collateral circulation - coarctation of the aorta(1)

  
• Collateral circulation - coarctation of the aorta(2)

  
• Collateral circulation - coarctation of the aorta (3)

  
• The superior vena cava is the:

  1. Right brachiocephalic vein - right internal jugular vein & right subclavian vein
  2. Left brachiocephalic vein - left internal jugular vein & left subclavian vein

  
• The coronary arteries arise directly from the aorta

  
• The coronary arteries supply the heart with oxygenated blood.

  
• The subclavian artery goes to the upper limb and the external iliac artery goes to the lower limb - The name of the artery changes as it passes through different areas of the limb
• The subclabian vein drains the upper limb and the external iliac vein drains the lower limb, they tend to mirror the arteries - deep veins accompany arteries
• Deep veins can be referred to as venae comitantes, which means "joined veins".

  They take advantage of arterial contractions to help blood flow back towards the heart.

  The close relationship also helps to maintain blood temperature as venous blood is slightly cooler than arterial blood

  
• The right atrium has:

  1. Pectinate muscle (1)
  2. Crista terminalis (2)
  3. Fossa ovalis (5)
  4. Coronary sinus opening (12)
  5. Tricuspid valve (8&7)
  6. Right auricle (5)

  
• The right atrium vs left atrium

  
• The right ventricle includes:

  1. Papillary muscles (dark blue)
  2. Chordae tendineae (light blue)
  3. Tricuspid valve cusps (orange)
  4. Moderator band (purple)
  5. Pulmonary valve cusps (opened pulmonary artery - black)

  
• The papillary muscles are the muscles that control the opening and closing of the valves.

  
• The moderator band helps to start papillary muscles contracting before ventiricular systole - creates tension on chordae tendineae, prevents tricuspid valve from inverting and forces blood in to the pulmonary
• The right ventricle is thicker than the left ventricle

  
• Overall image of the heart