Cognition & Development

• Why does learning occur in Piaget theory?

  • Schema
  • Disequilibrium
• How does learning occur in Piagets theory?

  • Assimilation
  • Accomadation
• How does Howe support Piaget?

  RAMP - children discussed

  When asked all gave different info.

  THEREFORE must have PERSONAL schema.
• What is a strength of Piaget theory?

  Significant impact on education “scientist”
• What is a limitation of Piagets Theory?

  May have underestimated roles of others (Vygotsky)
• Explain stage 1 of Piaget Stages

  Sensorimotor Stage

  • 0-2 years
  • Object permanence around 8 months
• What is object permanent and how was it studied?

  Understanding that something exists when not in sight.

  • Show baby toy
  • Hide Toy
  • Record reaction
• What is a limitation of Stage 1 of Piaget Stages?

  Bower & Wishart - Infared cameras recorded if a baby reached for toy in the dark. Found bablies aged 4 months reached for it. Suggests Piaget is wrong.
• Explain stage 2 of Piaget Stages

  Pro-operational Stage

  • 2-7 years
  • Egocentric before
  • Not learnt conservation skill yet
• What is egocentrism and how was it studied in Piaget Stages?

  Belief that everyone sees as you do.

  • 2 sided mountain
  • What do YOU see?
  • What do I see?
• Explain stage 3 in Piaget Stage

  Concrete Operational Stage

  • 7-11 year
  • unable to show conservation
• What is conservation and how was it studied in Piaget Stages?

  Objects can change but remain the same.

  • 2 exact cups
  • pour one cup in a different shape
  • Is the volume the same?
• Explain Stage 4 in Piaget Stages

  Formal Operational Stage

  • 11-adulthood
  • complete task in head
• How was stage 4 studied in Piaget Stages?

  Pendulum problem

  • length
  • weight
  • distance
• What is a limitation of stage 4 in Piaget stages?

  Dasen - only 1/3 of adults reach stage 4
• What is a limitation of stage 3 in Piaget Stages?

  Donaldson - recreated study with with ages 4-6 and used a naughty teddy so the children had a visual. FOUND 62% got it correct. Suggesting Piaget was wrong.
• How did Siegler and Svetina contradict Piaget stages?

  Class inclusion:

  GRP 1 - less detailed feedback

  GRP 2 - detailed feedback

  All improved but GRP 2 the most.

  Children aged 5 can do concrete stage!
• How did Hughes contradict Piaget idea of egocentrism?

  • baby doll
  • 2 police dolls
  • Hide the baby away from police

  age 3 - 1/2 correct

  age 4 - 90% correct

  NOT egocentric
• What is a More Knowledgeable Other?

  These are people with greater skill in Vygotskys theory
• What is the Zone of proximal development?

  Within the zone a child is challenged and can develop with the help of MKO.
• What and how created scaffolding?

  Wood et al

  Supports children to reach success
• What are the 5 steps in Vygotskys theory?

  5- demonstate

  4- help

  3- introduce material

  2- specific instructions

  1 - general prompts
• Who supports Vygotsky?

  Roazzi & Bryant -

  4-5 years estimated sweets in box

  C1 - worked alone

  C2 - worked with MKO

  FOUND C2 was more closer
• What is a limitation of Vygotsky theory?

  Social constructivism is not universal. Howe found we had personal schemas!
• What did Baillargeon investigat?

  Violation of Expectations

  (3 1/2 months)

  • Possible Event

  object passed through cover & baby is not confused

  • Impossible Event

  object is not visible when it should & baby is confused
• What is Physical Reasoning System?

  Innate understanding on what is possible & develops as we age
• What is object persistence?

  Object retains its form whether it is visible or not
• Why is Billargeon more logical than Piaget?

  Billargeon measure how long a baby focuses on object rather than reaction
• What is a limitation of BOTH Piaget and Billargeon?

  May not be measuring what they think they are!
• How does Hespos & Van Marle support Billargeon?

  Knowledge of properties is universal and could be innate
• What is social cognition?

  understanding our place in an environment
• What does Selman perspective taking investigate?

  We learn to differentiate between our own and others feelings
• Describe the Holly situation

  Dad said not to climb try BUT cat stuck up tree! What should Holly do?
• What is Selmans Stage 1?

  Undifferented Perspective Taking

  • 3-6 years
  • not understand others POV
• What is Selmans Stage 2?

  Social-Informational Perspective Taking

  • 5-9 years
  • recognised others but only theirs is valid
• What is Selmans Stage 3?

  Self-Reflective Perspective Taking

  • 7-12 years
  • understand people who are affected
• What is Selmans Stage 4?

  3rd-Party Perspective Taking

  • 10-15 years
  • Not place own emotions on the situation
• What is Selmans Stage 5?

  Societal Perspective Taking

  • 14+ years
  • think about social justice and social views
• What is a strength of Selmans idea?

  He found a positive correlation between age and ability. HOWEVER could there be another variable?
• How does Valkburge support Selman?

  Found a negative corrolation between age and co-ersive behaviour = prosocial behaviour