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• Three principal characteristics of a computer:

  • Responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner
  • Can execute a pre-recorded list of instructions
  • Can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data
• Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives:

  • Business:
  • Used to store and maintain accounts, personnel records, manage projects, track inventory, create presentations and reports
  • Enable communication within and outside the business, including through email
  • Can be used to promote the business and interact with customers directly
  • Education:
  • Used to provide learners with audio-visual packages, interactive exercises, and remote learning
  • Access educational information from intranet and internet sources, or via e-books
• • Maintain and monitor student performance, create projects and assignments
  • Healthcare:
  • Digitized medical information makes it easier to store and access patient data
  • Analyze complex information to aid discovery of diagnoses and search for risks of diseases
  • Control lab equipment, heart rate monitors, and blood pressure monitors
• Computers in Publishing:

  • Used to design publications such as newsletters, marketing materials, fashion magazines, novels, or newspapers
  • Used in the publishing of both hard-copy and e-books
  • Used to market publications and track sales
• Computers in Social and Romance:

  • Enable real-time communication over the internet through software and videoconferencing services
  • Social media enables chat in text or audio, exchange of photographs, videos, and memes
  • Dating sites and apps help people find romance, online groups help connect with others, blogs enable posting views and experiences
• Computers in Weather Forecasting:

  • Process large amounts of meteorological information to predict future weather conditions
• History of Computer - Basic Computing Periods:

  • Earliest Computers were human computers engaged in mathematical calculations
  • Calculations were specialized and expensive, requiring years of training in mathematics
  • First use of the word "computer" recorded in 1613, referring to a person carrying out calculations
  • Tally Sticks: Ancient memory aid device to record numbers, quantities, or messages
  • Abacus: Mechanical device used for mathematical calculations, invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C
• • Napier's Bones: Invented by John Napier in 1614, allowed multiplication, division, and calculation of square and cube roots
  • Slide Rule: Invented by William Oughtred in 1622, based on Napier's ideas about logarithms, used for multiplication, division, roots, logarithms, and trigonometry
  • Pascaline: Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642, limited to addition and subtraction, considered expensive
  • Stepped Reckoner: Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672, can add, subtract, multiply
• Computers in Banking and Finance:

  • Most banking in advanced countries takes place online
  • Use computers to check account balance, transfer money, pay off credit cards
  • Access information on stock markets, trade stocks, manage investments
  • Banks store customer account data and use detailed information on customer behavior for marketing
• Computers in Security and Surveillance:

  • Combined with other technologies to monitor people and goods
  • Biometric passports make it harder for fraudulent entry or access to passenger airplanes
  • Face-recognition aids in identifying terrorists or criminals in public places
  • Driver plates can be auto-scanned by speed cameras or police cars
• Computers in Robotics:

  • Combines computers with science and engineering to produce machines that can replace humans or do specific jobs
  • Used in manufacturing, exploring harsh conditions, law enforcement, military, and healthcare
• Computers in Navigation:

  • Combined with satellites and GPS technology for easy pinpointing of location, navigation, and access to amenities and places of interest
• Computers in Working from Home:

  • Enable access to necessary data, communication, and information sharing without commuting to a traditional office
  • Managers can monitor workers' productivity remotely
• Computers in Military:

  • Used for training purposes, analyzing intelligence data, controlling smart technology like guided missiles and drones
  • Tracking incoming missiles and destroying them
  • Provide geospatial information and analysis, aid communications, help target enemy forces
• Computers in Marketing:

  • Enable precise marketing campaigns through data analysis and manipulation
  • Facilitate the creation of websites, promotional materials, and social media campaigns
  • Enable direct communication with customers through email and online chat
• Computers in Science:

  • Used for research, sharing information with specialists locally and internationally, collecting, categorizing, analyzing, and storing data
  • Play a vital role in launching, controlling, and maintaining spacecraft and other advanced technology
• Computers in Arts and Entertainment:

  • Used to create drawings, graphic designs, paintings, edit, copy, send, and print photographs
  • Used by writers to create and edit, make, record, edit, play, and listen to music, capture, edit, and watch videos
  • Play games, design websites, promotional materials, market publications, track sales
• Computers in Communication:

  • Made real-time communication over the internet easy through software and videoconferencing services
  • Families, businesses, and news organizations can connect with audio and video, hold meetings, and conduct interviews remotely
  • Modern computers have built-in microphones and webcams for software like Skype, email still widely used
• Computers in Retail and Trade:

  • Used to buy and sell products online, reach a wider market with low overheads, compare prices, read reviews, choose delivery preferences
  • Direct trading and advertising using sites like eBay, Craigslist, or local listings on social media or independent websites
• Computers in Government:

  • Various government departments use computers to improve the quality and efficiency of services
  • Examples include city planning, law enforcement, traffic, and tourism
  • Used to store information, promote services, communicate internally and externally, and for routine administrative purposes
• Computers in Healthcare:

  • Revolutionizing healthcare by digitizing medical information, analyzing complex information, controlling lab equipment, heart rate monitors, and blood pressure monitors
  • Enabling doctors to access information on the latest drugs and share disease information with other medical specialists
• Computers in Education:

  • Used to provide learners with audio-visual packages, interactive exercises, remote learning, access to educational information from intranet and internet sources, or via e-books
  • Used to maintain and monitor student performance, create projects, and assignments
• Computers in Business:

  • Used to store and maintain accounts, personnel records, manage projects, track inventory, create presentations and reports
  • Enable communication within and outside the business, promote the business, and interact with customers directly
• Principal characteristics of a computer:

  • Responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner
  • Can execute a pre-recorded list of instructions
  • Can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data
• Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives:

  • Business:
  • Used to store and maintain accounts, personnel records, manage projects, track inventory, create presentations and reports
  • Enable communication within and outside the business, promote the business, and interact with customers directly
  • Education:
  • Used to provide learners with audio-visual packages, interactive exercises, remote learning, access to educational information from intranet and internet sources, or via e-books
  • Used to maintain and monitor student performance, create projects, and assignments
• • Healthcare:
  • Revolutionizing healthcare by digitizing medical information, analyzing complex information, controlling lab equipment, heart rate monitors, and blood pressure monitors
• Computers in Security and Surveillance:

  • Combined with other technologies to monitor people and goods
  • Biometric passports make it harder for fraudulent entry or access to a passenger airplane
  • Face-recognition aids in identifying terrorists or criminals in public places
  • Driver plates can be auto-scanned by speed cameras or police cars
• Stepped Reckoner:

  • Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672
  • Can add, subtract, multiply and divide automatically
• Jacquard Loom:

  • Invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881
  • Automatic loom controlled by punched cards
• Arithmometer:

  • Invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820
  • First reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating machine
  • Could perform the four basic mathematic functions
  • First mass-produced calculating machine
• Difference Engine and Analytical Engine:

  • Automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions
  • Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834
  • First mechanical computer
• First Computer Programmer:

  • Augusta Ada Byron suggests using the binary system to Charles Babbage in 1840
  • Writes programs for the Analytical Engine
• Scheutzian Calculation Engine:

  • Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843
  • Based on Charles Babbage's difference engine
  • First printing calculator
• Tabulating Machine:

  • Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890
  • Assists in summarizing information and accounting
• Harvard Mark 1:

  • Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC)
  • Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943
  • First electro-mechanical computer
• Z1:

  • First programmable computer
  • Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938
  • Required punch tape for programming and output
• Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC):

  • First electronic digital computing device
  • Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa State University between 1939 and 1942
• ENIAC:

  • Stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
  • First electronic general-purpose computer
  • Completed in 1946
  • Developed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly
• UNIVAC 1:

  • First commercial computer
  • Designed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly
• EDVAC:

  • Stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
  • First Stored Program Computer
  • Designed by Von Neumann in 1952
  • Has memory to hold both a stored program and data