Approaches

• Wilhelm Wundt is known as the father of experimental psychology
• What year did Wilhelm Wundt establish the world's first psychological laboratory?

  1870s
• Before Wilhelm Wundt, the study of the mind and behavior was primarily limited to philosophy and medicine.
• Wundt's use of scientific methods helped establish psychology as an independent field of research
• What experimental technique did Wundt use in his structuralism research?

  Introspection
• Steps in Wundt's introspection process

  1️⃣ Participants were trained to report conscious experiences objectively

  2️⃣ Participants focused on a sensory object

  3️⃣ Participants systematically reported their experience
• Wundt's introspective methods are considered subjective and are not classified as truly scientific today.
• Behaviorists rejected the study of internal mental states, viewing the mind as a black box
• Which learning theory did Ivan Pavlov develop?

  Classical conditioning
• Pavlov's research used a metronome as a neutral stimulus
• Steps in Pavlov's classical conditioning procedure

  1️⃣ A neutral stimulus (metronome) is presented with an unconditioned stimulus (food)

  2️⃣ The unconditioned stimulus triggers an unconditioned response (salivation)

  3️⃣ The neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus

  4️⃣ The conditioned stimulus triggers a conditioned response
• What type of learning did B.F. Skinner research?

  Operant conditioning
• In operant conditioning, positive reinforcement involves adding a pleasant stimulus
• Skinner's research on rats demonstrated that reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
• Match the reinforcement type with its effect:

  Positive reinforcement ↔️ Adds a pleasant stimulus

  Negative reinforcement ↔️ Removes an unpleasant stimulus

  Punishment ↔️ Decreases likelihood of behavior
• Behaviorist principles are used in therapies such as flooding and systematic desensitization
• Behaviorist explanations are often criticized for being overly reductionist.
• What are the mediational processes in social learning theory?

  Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
• Social learning theorists argue that cognitive processes mediate between stimulus and response
• What is vicarious reinforcement in social learning theory?

  Witnessing someone rewarded for a behavior
• In social learning theory, modeling refers to observing and imitating others' behaviors.
• What type of models are parents and friends considered in social learning theory?

  Live models
• Match the type of model with its example:

  Live model ↔️ Parent

  Symbolic model ↔️ Movie character

  Vicarious model ↔️ Witnessing a friend rewarded
• Bandura's Bobo doll study showed that children exposed to an aggressive model were more likely to be aggressive
• What is reciprocal determinism in social learning theory?

  Behavior influences and is influenced by the environment
• Social learning theory is considered less reductionist than behaviorism because it acknowledges cognitive processes.
• The computer model of the mind suggests that the human brain processes information like a computer's CPU
• What is the role of schemas in cognitive psychology?

  Mental shortcuts for understanding the world
• Schemas can lead to inaccurate memories due to biases and assumptions.
• What does cognitive neuroscience study?

  Neurological structures linked to mental processes
• Scanning techniques such as fMRI and PET are used in cognitive neuroscience to observe brain activity
• Cognitive psychology is considered scientific due to its use of controlled experiments and empirical evidence.
• Which part of the brain is linked to rational decision-making?

  Frontal lobe
• The limbic system is the emotional center of the brain
• Match the neurotransmitter with its associated effect:

  Serotonin ↔️ Well-being and happiness

  Dopamine ↔️ Pleasure

  Noradrenaline ↔️ Attention

  Glutamate ↔️ Learning and memory
• Genes influence the formation and function of neurons in the brain.
• Evolutionary psychologists argue that innate behaviors that provide survival advantages are passed on through generations
• What is an example of an evolved behavior in early hunter-gatherer societies?

  Male aggression for protection
• The psychodynamic approach was developed by Sigmund Freud
• What are the three parts of the psyche in Freud's theory?

  ID, ego, super ego