Toth Exercise Prescription Exam 2

• High levels of cardiorespiratory fitness are associated with reductions in all cause, cancer, and CVD mortality.
• VO2max= max cardiac output (Q) x max avo2 difference 
• Q= amount of blood pumped through the heart per minute (stroke volume and heart rate) 
• Absolute contraindication- should refrain from exercise until condition has been stabilized or adequately treated 
• Relative contraindication- may be tested only after it has been determined that potential benefits of exercise outweigh the associated risks
• Advantages of field testing include: easy to administer in large numbers and little equipment is needed
• Disadvantages of field testing include: some can be maximal or near maximal in intensity, especially for those with low aerobic fitness, most are unmonitored for test termination criteria, individual motivation and pacing will significantly effect results
• Inadequate flexibility is associated with decreased sport performance and ability to do ADLs. Maintaining flexibility of joints lowers risk of injury because joints that move beyond its FULL ROM can cause tissue damage.  
• ROM is determined by genetics, orthopedic health, muscular tension, and strength 
• Goniometer- plastic device comprised of two arms and a protractor for measuring degrees of joint displacement 
• Inclinometer- use a universal center of gravity to establish a starting point that remain constant from test to test
• Factors that influence accuracy of ROM measures include identifying anatomical landmarks, position and stabilization of the body, application and stabilization of measurement device, consistency in technique and protocol, appropriate recording of measurements, and recognition of limiting factors during recording.  
• ROM assessments are contraindicated following: immediately after injury, after surgery that has disrupted tissue, while on pain medication, while taking muscle relaxants, regions of osteoporosis or bone fragility, joints with dislocation or unhealed fracture, any test that causes pain or discomfort 
• The minimum acceptable score for FMS is 14. Low or unequal scores tell us that one if not both sides of the body need additional testing and deficits may need to be addressed.
• Clinicians and practitioners use functional movement assessments to determine movement proficiency, potential for injury, and design for appropriate training and rehabilitation programs
• Body composition testing provides professionals with information such as percent body fat, fat distribution, body segment girth, and bone density. This information is used to reduce health risks associated with disease, design safe and effective training programs, and optimize athletic performance.  
• Interpretation of %body fat is complicated by lack of established/accepted universal standards, all measurements are indirect, so error should be considered, and no univerally accepted criterion measurement.  
• The disadvantages of skinfold measurements are technician training and measurement technique, anatomical site location, selection of calipers, and high level of physical contact with subject.
• Circumference measures estimate body composition and provide specific reference to body fat distribution. Body fat distribution indicates obesity related health risks  
• Waist circumference- represents subcutaneous adipose tissue and visceral adipose tissue used with BMI to assess cardiometabolic diseases  
• Hip circumference- inversely related to CVD, diabetes and mortality
• Waist-to-hip ratio- ratio measure of waist circumference to that of the hip. Indicates body distribution and high values indicate visceral obesity
• Increased android obesity increase the risk of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and coronary artery disease.
• Indirect method- measure one parameter to estimate another  

  Hydrostatic weighing measures body volume and then predicts percent body fat based on assumed fat mass and fat-free mass 
• Doubly indirect method- uses one indirect measure to predict another indirect measure  

  Skinfold measurements were primarily derived from hydrostatic weighing principles
• Two compartment model- the body is made up of fat mass and fat-free mass 
• Multicompartment models- partitions body into more than two compartments which provides more accurate results 
• Three compartment model- fat mass, dry fat-free mass, and total body water 
• Four compartment model- fat mass, total body water, bone mineral density, and dry free fat mass 
• Muscular endurance- the ability of a muscle group to execute repeated muscle contractions 
• Strength training is typically performed relative to a one repetition maximum which indicates maximum strength for a given moment 
• define cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF)

  ability to perform moderate-to-vigorous intensity exercise using large muscle groups in a dynamic and continuous manner for prolonged periods of time
• CRF is dependent on the integration of what systems?

  cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and respiratory
• CRF testing can assist an exercise professional in determining the following variables associated with exercise programming

  - intensity

  - duration

  - mode
• CRF can serve as ________ for individuals to continue regular exercise programs

  motivation
• considerations for CRF test selection

  - use of information

  - physician supervision required

  - participant's health status

  - maximal or submaximal test

  - duration of test

  - motivation/willingness of participant

  - cost of test

  - personnel, equipment and facilities needed for test administration

  - safety concerns (mode of testing)
• what is the criterion measure of CRF

  maximal volume of O2 consumed per unit of time (VO2 max)
• relative VO2 max

  ml/kg/min

  
  

  - accounts for body weight

  - used to compare individuals of different sizes

  - estimates energy expenditure for weight bearing activities
• absolute VO2 max

  L/min

  
  

  - specifically used for non-weight bearing activities

  - doesn't account for body weight

  - used to track individuals

  - can be greater for men
• it has been proposed that expressing VO2 max relative to an individual's ____ would provide a more accurate estimate of CRF and is independent of changes in _____ _____

  FFM; body mass