Eukaryote

• Eukaryotes:

  -> Have a more advanced structural composition.

  -> animals, plants and fungi.

  -> contains nucleus and mitochondria.

  -> biological domain is 'eukaryota'.

  -> grow & reproduce asexually through mitosis.

  -> the sex cells reproduce through meiosis.
• Image of a Eukaryotic animal cell.

  
• Structures within a Eukaryotic animal cell:

  Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleus, Nucleolus, ER Smooth (ER = endoplasmic reticulum), ER Rough, Golgi, Vesicle, 80s Ribosomes, Mitochondrion, Centriole and the Cytoskeleton-microtubule.
• Structure and function of the plasma membrane in a eukaryotic animal cell:

  Structure -> Is selectively permeable, forms a double layer of lipids. Proteins embed into the layer.

  Functions -> Helps to maintain the shape & structure. Controls what enters and leaves the cell. Takes in the nutrients and excretes waste products. It sends and receives chemical & electrical messages.
• Structure and functions of the Cytoplasm in the eukaryotic animal cell:

  Structure -> Is a thick jelly-like, semi-transparent fluid. Occupies the region between the membrane & nucleus.

  Functions -> maintains cell shape, and stores chemicals for metabolic reactions.
• Structure and function of the nucleus in the eukaryotic animal cell:

  Structure -> It is the largest, nuclear envelope and contains nuclear pores that contain genetic material and the nucleolus.

  Functions -> Controls / regulates the cellular activity inside the animal cell. Stores DNA & proteins.
• Structure and Functions of the nucleolus of a eukaryotic animal cell:

  Structure -> A dense spherical structure.

  Functions -> Makes RNA and ribosomes.
• Structure and function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum in a eukaryotic animal cell:

  Structure -> A network of membrane bound flattened sacs of cisternae. Does not contain ribosomes.

  Function -> The synthesis of lipids and carbohydrates occurs here. Transports lipids and carbohydrates.
• Structure and function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum in a eukaryotic animal cell:

  Structure -> A network of membrane bound flattened sacs of cisternae. The cisternae have ribosomes.

  Functions -> Where protein synthesis occurs. Transports of newly synthesised proteins to the Golgi.
• Structure and function of the Golgi apparatus in a eukaryotic animal cell:

  Structure -> Stack of membrane bound flattened sacs.

  Functions -> Receives new proteins from the rough ER. Modifies & packages proteins into the vesicles. These proteins are moved into vesicles.
• Structure and function of the Vesicle in the eukaryotic animal cell:

  Structure -> small spherical membrane bound sacs with fluid.

  Functions -> Transports material inside the cell. Secretory vesicles transports proteins that are to be released from the cell to the cells surface membrane.
• Structure and function of the lysosome in the eukaryotic animal cell:

  Structure -> Small spherical membrane bound sacs that contain hydrolytic enzymes.

  Functions -> break down waste material including old organelles.
• Structure and functions of the 80s Ribosome in a eukaryotic animal cell:

  Structure -> Tiny organelles attached to the rough ER, can float freely. It contains 2 sub units, the 60s and 40s, it has no membrane.

  Function -> Protein synthesis occurs here.
• Structure and Functions of the mitochondria in a eukaryotic animal cell:

  Structure -> has 2 membranes, the inner membrane is highly folded to form cristae, the central membrane is the matrix and can be seen as long in shape or spherical depending on angle.

  Functions -> Cellular respiration occurs here, provides energy like ATP, sugars and fatty acids.
• Structure and functions of the Centriole in a eukaryotic animal cell:

  Structure -> A small tubule of protein fibre, contains hydrolyte enzymes.

  Functions -> Forms spindle fibres during cell division.