MODULE 12 "LEARNING*

• may be defined as relatively permanent

  changes in behavior brought about by practice and

  experience (Coon, 2001)

  Learning
• is the biggest part of the brain and the most

  highly developed part of the human body. Its functions

  involve mental processes like thinking, perceiving,

  producing and understanding language.


  Cerebrum
• is involved in several functions

  associated with learning including: determining

  intelligence, planning and organization, and processing

  sensory information.


  Cerebral cortex
• is responsible for the processing and storing short-term memory.


  Hippocampus
• is responsible for emotions, survival

  instincts and memory


  Amygdala
• Sensory

  Apparatus:

  • Eyes

  • Nose

  • Ears

  • Tongue

  • Skin

  • Kinesthetic

  senses
• is a type of learning that takes

  place by associating or connecting a stimulus to a

  response or a response to reinforcement.


  Associative Learning
• any learning process in which a new response

  becomes associated with a particular stimulus.

  Classical Conditioning by Ivan Pavlov
• a method of learning that occurs through rewards and

  punishments for behavior.


  Operant Conditioning by B.F. Skinner
• learning through conscious

  mental activities like thinking, understanding, and

  remembering.

  Cognitive Learning
• Latent Learning by Edward Tolman

  is the acquisition of data that is then stored in memory for

  later use.
• Observational Learning by Albert Bandura


  is a method of learning that occurs by observing and

  imitating a model (Feldman, 2010).
• There are four meditational processes proposed by Bandura:

  Attention:

  Retention

  Reproduction

  Motivation
• The extent to which we are exposed/notice the

  behavior. For a behavior to be imitated, it has to grab our

  attention. 


  Attention
• We observe many behaviors on a daily basis, and

  many of these are not noteworthy. Attention is therefore

  extremely important in whether a behavior influences others

  imitating it.
• Retention

  How well the behavior is remembered. The

  behavior may be noticed but is it not always remembered

  which obviously prevents imitation.
• Retention is important therefore

  that a memory of the behavior is formed to be performed

  later by the observer.
• This is the ability to perform the behavior

  that the model has just demonstrated. We see much

  behavior on a daily basis that we would like to be able

  to imitate but that this not always possible. 


  Reproduction
• This influences our decisions whether to try and imitate it or

  not.

  Reproduction
• Motivation 


  The will to perform the behavior. The rewards

  and punishment that follow a behavior will be considered by

  the observer.