6146 pharmcare

• Concerns among healthcare providers include:

  • Potential abuse, misuse, and inappropriate use of drugs
  • Increase in healthcare costs
  • Patient suffering
• The role of a pharmacist:

  • Has a unique body of knowledge and skills to contribute in the healthcare system
  • Dispenses the appropriate drug product and ensures safe and rational use of drugs
• The Ten Star Pharmacist includes roles such as:

  • Pharmaceutical Care Giver
  • Researcher
  • Manager
  • Communicator
  • Leader
  • Life-long learner
  • Decision-maker
  • Entrepreneur
  • Teacher
  • Agent of Positive Change
• Pharmaceutical care embodies a patient-centered, outcomes-oriented practice of pharmacy

  • Pharmacists are key members of the healthcare team responsible for medication therapy outcomes
  • Seeks to optimize patient outcomes and ensure effective, rational, and safe use of medicines
• Primary aim:

  • Pharmacist must approach the patient in the counseling encounter as a helper and an educator
• Patient Quality of Life (PQL):

  • Primary concern is the welfare of humanity and the relief of human suffering
  • Must view medication use from the patient's perspective
• Pharmacy Practice:

  • Medical Model:
  • Patient is passive
  • Trust is based on expertise and authority of pharmacist
  • Pharmacist identifies problems and determines solutions
  • Patient is dependent on pharmacist
  • Parent-child relationship
  • Helping Model:
  • Patient is actively involved
  • Trust is based on a personal relationship developed over time
  • Pharmacists assist patients in exposing problems and possible solutions
  • Patient develops self-confidence to manage problems
  • Equal relationship
• Pharmaceutical Care:

  • Responsible provision of therapy to achieve definite outcomes improving the patient's quality of life (Hepler and Strand)
• • Success achieved by increasing the number of covered lives and keeping people well
  • Goal is to provide care at the most appropriate level
• Transformation of Healthcare:

  • Old Paradigm:
  • Emphasis on acute patient care
  • Emphasis on treating illness
  • Responsible for individual patients
  • Success achieved by increasing market share of in-patient admissions
  • Goal is to fill beds
  • Hospitals, physicians, and health plans are separate
  • New Paradigm:
  • Emphasis on the continuum of care
  • Emphasis on maintaining and promoting wellness
  • Accountable for the health of defined populations
  • Differentiation based on the ability to add value
• Outcomes to be achieved in pharmaceutical care:

  1. Cure of a disease

  2. Elimination or reduction of a patient's symptomatology

  3. Arresting or slowing a disease process

  4. Preventing a disease or symptomatology
• Five Steps in the Pharmaceutical Care Process:

  • Establish a professional relationship with the patient
  • Collect, organize, record, and maintain patient-specific medical information
  • Evaluate patient-specific medical information and develop a drug therapy plan mutually with the patient
  • Ensure necessary supplies, information, and knowledge to carry out the drug therapy plan
  • Review, monitor, and modify the therapeutic plan as necessary and appropriate in concert with the patient and healthcare team
• The Pharmaceutical Care Cycle:

  • Creating a pharmaceutical care plan

  1. Create a comprehensive patient database

  2. Assess for actual and potential drug-related problems

  3. Establish therapeutic goals

  4. Specify monitoring parameters with endpoints and frequency

  5. Document the patient's progress towards therapeutic goals