Charles

• What was the outcome of the Cadiz Expedition 1625?


  Most of the troops were untrained, they did land at Cadiz but had no discipline and found a large wine store and became drunk to where they were killed by the Spanish and eventually the troops would have to go back to England where more died on the journey from starvation.
• Evaluation of the marriage to Henrietta Maria and alliance with France?

  Although it did make an alliance with a superpower against Spain, it was a largely catholic country and therefore, it arose much suspicion at first and eventually, the alliance with France quickly broke down.
• Why did relations between England and France break down?

  The English ships that were sent to put down the Hugenot French Protestants refused to fight against fellow protestants and mutinied. This forced Charles to not go ahead with the French alliance any further as it arose too much suspicion.
• Outcome of La Rochelle 1627:
• Another military disaster for Charles I and Buckingham
• What effect did the wars of the 1620's have on Charles?

  Charles became unpopular because of his use of forced loans and billeting soldiers on the counties.
• Why did Charles favour the arminians?

  They supported divine right such as evident in Sibthorpe's, an arminian minister, approval of Charles using forced loans.
• Why did Sibthorpe's sermon have such an impact on Charles' church of England?

  Charles enjoyed Sibthorpe's sermon so much that he wanted it to be printed, but George Abbott (the only man with the power to allow a license to print) refused to print it and therefore, he was suspended and William Laud was promoted instead.
• What were the events of the parliament of 1625?

  Parliament only allowed tonnage and poundage to be collected for one year. They also voted only two subsidies for a war with Spain. Eventually, they began to attack Buckingham and Charles dismissed parliament.
• What happened in the parliament of 1626?

  Parliament was needed to be called because Charles needed money. Charles made sure that leading opponents of Buckingham were made sheriffs before the election which would make them unable to be MPs. Charles would have to dismiss parliament once again in 1626 for once again trying to impeach Buckingham.
• How did Charles raise finance for the Crown from 1626-1628?

  • Sold off £350,000 worth of crownlands , meaning that there was now little left.
  • A failed attempt at benevolence (convincing those who would have paid the parliamentary subsidy to instead give Charles directly the money.)
  • A failed 1627 forced loan which resulted in the Five Knights Case 1627 which Charles had to release. .
• What happened at the parliament of 1628?


  He called parliament because he believed that he had the wrong policies during the 1626-1628 period and was now willing to work with parliament. The problem was that parliament were more willing to rip into his 1626-1628 period.

  Therefore the petition of Right was presented which outlined the wrongdoings of Charles in recent years and:

  • Forced loans were illegal
  • Soldiers could not be billeted on citizens against their will.
• What were the effects of the death of Buckingham?

  • Anglo-French relations improved as Charles grew closer to Henrietta Maria.
  • Many felt that they were now able to support the crown as he was no longer being led astray by Buckingham.
• What were the Three Resolutions 1629?

  1. Anyone who brought Arminianism to England was an enemy
  2. Anyone who advises the king to collect Tonnage and Poundage was an enemy
  3. Anyone who pays tonnage and poundage is an enemy
• Religion during personal rule?

  • Laud became archbishop of Canterbury in 1633.
  • Laud's aims were to restore the beauty in holiness and educate the clergy.
  • Changed the position of the altar during the personal rule which many puritans objected to.
  • The famous case of Burton, Prynne and Bastwick 1637.
  • The Book of Sport 1633. Allowing many to do ungodly things on a Sunday which Puritans objected to.
• What were the Financial policies of Charles during the personal Rule?

  • Forest Fines, entering or living in the crown's forests.
  • Distraint of Knighthoods, refusing a knighthood
  • Nuisances, Living outside the walls of the City of London.
  • Monopolies, The famous soap monopoly which was rubbish
  • Plantations, 1632- city of London fined for failed plantation of Ulster.
  • Customs farmers gave a larger sum.
  • The court of wards doubled its income.
  • Ship Money
• What was the significance of Hampden's case 1637?


  He refused to pay ship money and was taken to court where only 7 out of 12 judges agreed that he should pay it, meaning that 5 of the King's judges opposed ship money.
• What caused the downfall of personal rule?

  The New Prayer Book 1637
• What happened at the first session of the Long parliament 1640?

  • Impeachment & execution of Thomas Wentworth.
  • Ship Money declared ilegal
  • Distraint of Knighthoods declared illegal
  • Court of wards abolished
  • Triennial Act 1641 - Parliament must be called every three years.
  • The Root and Branch Petition- abolition of bishops