Hematology🩸

• Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body, and its levels can be measured through a hematological test.
• EDTA


  blood counts film, bone marrow, ESR
• Heparin

  best used for osmotic fragility test, not used in leukocyte count as it clumps leukoctes.
• Sodium citrate


  blood for transfusion and coagulation tests.
• Blood changes when it's stored in vitro at RTM

  increase in MCV, osmotic fragility & prothrombin time

  decrease in ESR, reticulocyte, leukocyte and platelet count ( count within 2 hours of collection)

  nucleated red cells disappear (1-2 days)
• Total blood count


  RBCs, WBCs( MCV, MCH) & platelets
• Peripheral blood film

  morphology of the cells on the slide
• Reticulocyte count

  enumarate immature cells in peripheral blood

  measure activity of the marrow
• Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)


  Measure of the rate at which red cells subside when re-suspended in plasma.

  screens for acute & chronic inflammatory diseases.
• Bone marrow aspirate

  EDTA

  morphology; leukemias, lymphomas, Leishmaniasis, storage disorders e.g Gaucher's.
• Special test

  urinalysis, stool, specific disease testing(enzyme screening, fine needle aspirate, osmotic fragility, Hb electrophoresis)
• Hemostasis


  mechanism that leads to cessation of bleedin

  -bleeding time test, thrombin time test, prothrombin time test, factor assays.
• Urinalysis


  A test that examines the physical and chemical properties of urine to detect various substances that may indicate a health problem
• Stool testing


  The analysis of stool samples to detect various conditions, such as infections, inflammation, or digestive disorders
• Specific disease testing


  A group of tests used to diagnose specific diseases or conditions, including enzyme screening, fine needle aspirate, osmotic fragility, and Hb electrophoresis
• Fine needle aspirate


  A procedure in which a thin needle is inserted into a lump or mass to remove a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope
• Osmotic fragility


  A test that measures the fragility of red blood cells in response to changes in the surrounding fluid to diagnose certain types of anemia
• Enzyme screening


  A test that measures the level of certain enzymes in the body to indicate the presence of a particular disease or condition
• Hb electrophoresis


  A test that separates different types of hemoglobin based on their electrical charge to diagnose various types of hemoglobin disorders, such as sickle cell anemia