Geography

• What are regions?

  Areas with similar physical or human characteristics
• What are spatial patterns?

  spacial patterns reflect non-random arrangements that are recognisable as shapes, clusters, geometry or repeated occurrences of regular intervals.
• What are spatial associations?

  Spatial associations refer to the tendency of a pair of services, events and objects to be located near each other.
• Examples of spatial patterns (as shapes)

  Train stations on Singapore’s circle line resemble a circle.

  
• Examples of spatial associations

  Lifts and stairways are located next to each other. They suggest connections between services events or others.
• How does spatial associations in our neighbourhood enhance our everyday living? (Give one example)

  Train stations and bus interchanges are located near each other to increase convenience of switching from one mode of transport to another. Understanding this can help residents plan their trips to decrease travelling time and increase productivity of work.
• What are spatial scales?

  They refer to the extent of an area in which a phenomenon or a process takes place. Scales can be at different hierarchies including global, regional and local.
• How do spatial scales affect us?

  Knowing spatial scales help us to understand how events and processes at one spatial scale may affect people and nature at other spatial scales. Examining processes and phenomena at different scales provide us with different perspectives based on the spatial scales and trends observed.
• Spatial scales in Singapore?

  More than twenty towns spread across the island
• Each town has a town centre with a concentration of activities
• Town centres may serve as the commercial and social hub for residents in the neighbourhood
• Some town centres have integrated transport hubs with bus interchanges and train stations near shopping malls
• Convenience of towns attracts visitors from other towns, making it viable for large shopping malls to be located there
• Businesses locate their offices in town centres to access facilities, save on transport costs, and reduce travelling time for workers
• What is the relationship between people and nature? (2) (4m )How do people and nature bring about benefits to each other (2) ( 5m )What are the disadvantages people and nature bring to each other (2) (7m )

  1. Reasons for increase in human-wildlife encounters

  Nth
• Relationship between people and nature:
• People and nature have a complex relationship that involves both benefits and disadvantages
• Benefits brought about by people and nature:
• People benefit from nature through ecosystem services such as clean air, water, and food
• Nature benefits from people through conservation efforts, restoration projects, and sustainable practices
• Disadvantages brought about by people and nature:
• People can harm nature through pollution, deforestation, habitat destruction, and overexploitation of resources
• Nature can negatively impact people through natural disasters, zoonotic diseases, and conflicts over resources
• Reasons for increase in human-wildlife encounters:
• Increase in human-wildlife encounters can be attributed to habitat loss, urbanization, climate change, and human activities encroaching on wildlife habitats