Lg 1 3rd grading

• Charles Martel is clovis's successor
• The 3 leaders of Merovingian dynasty is clovis, Charles Martel and pepin the short
• The 2 dynasties are Merovingian and Carolingian
• Louis the pious's sons is lothair, charles the bald, and Louis the German
• Charlemagne ruled the Carolingian dynasty
• Charlemagne established the first empire in Europe
• Charlemagne is also known as Carolus Magnus in Latin and Charles the great in English
• Aachen/Aix-la-Chapelle is the capital of Charlemagne empire
• Charlemagne was also called Carollus Augustus
• Feudal lord or lord - owns large lands in a kingdom
• Nobility - includes the king and vassal
• Priest - studied various subjects besides warfare. Bishops and other high ranking clerics live like rich people while village priest is from the lower class and less educated
• Feudalism derived from "feodus" or "fier"
• Knights come from the french word "chavelier" meaning horsemen
• A manor is a huge estate owned by the landlord
• Universities were established in 1150 and spread throughout Europe by the end of the 13th century
• The University of Bologna focused on law and medicine and became the model university in southern Europe
• Paris served as the model university for liberal arts and theology
• Scholasticism was developed, which involved applying Aristotle's philosophy to answer theological questions
• Peter Abelard and Thomas Aquinas were prominent scholastics during this time
• During the Middle Ages, Beowulf and the Song of Roland became popular
• Beowulf is an Anglo-Saxon warrior who defeated the monster Grendel, depicting life in northern Europe during wartime
• The Song of Roland is a French epic focusing on Charlemagne's knights defending Christianity
• Divine Comedy is an epic poem about a journey from hell to heaven, written by Italian Dante Alighieri
• Geoffrey Chaucer, an English poet, was known for the Canterbury Tales, a collection of stories told by pilgrims on their way to Canterbury Shrine in England