CH7BIO

• PRODUCTION OF INSULIN

  A) Human cell

  B) Human DNA

  C) Cutting of insulin gene

  D) Joining insulin gene with plasmid

  E) Plasmid with ligated insulin gene is inserted in to bac

  F) Active insulin is produced from this

  G) DNA of the bacterium

  H) Bacteria

  I) Circular DNA of the bacterium (Plasmid)

  J) Isolation of plasmid

  K) Bacteria that multiply in the culture medium produce in

  
• The use of microorganisms and biological processes for

  various human requisites is called Biotechnology.
• • Organisms like yeast, a type of fungus, have been used in food preparation since around 4000 BC.
  • Fungi and bacteria were employed to convert sugar into alcohol, leading to the production of wine, appam, and cake.
  • These practices are considered traditional forms of biotechnology.
  • Genetic engineering represents the modern advancement in biotechnology.
• Genetic engineering is the

  technology of controlling traits of organisms by bringing about

  desirable changes in the genetic constitution of organisms.
• The basis

  of this is the discovery of the fact that genes can be cut and joined.
• Enzymes are used to cut and join genes.
• The enzyme restriction endonuclease is

  used to cut genes.
• Biotechnology is the use of microorganisms and biological processes for various human requisites
• Organisms like yeast and bacteria have been used traditionally to prepare food items like bread, wine, appam, and cake
• Genetic engineering is the modern form of biotechnology, allowing for the production of essential things by changing the genetic material of organisms
• Enzymes are used to cut and join genes in genetic engineering
• Restriction endonuclease is used to cut genes, known as 'genetic scissors'
• Ligase is used for joining genes, known as 'genetic glue'
• Gene therapy is a method of treatment where genes responsible for diseases are replaced with normal functional genes
• The Human Genome Project aimed to identify genes responsible for specific traits and their locations in the DNA
• Human genome has about 24000 functional genes and a major share of DNA includes junk genes
• Gene editing is the modern aspect of genetic engineering, using CRISPR-Cas9 as genetic scissors for editing genes
• Pharm animals are created by inserting genes for insulin and growth hormones, offering promises for future treatments
• Genetic modification is implemented in plants and animals to produce insect-resistant crops and pharm animals
• DNA fingerprinting is a technology used for identifying individuals based on the arrangement of nucleotides in DNA
• DNA fingerprinting is helpful in finding hereditary characteristics, identifying real parents, and solving criminal cases
• Biowar involves the application of genetically modified pathogens and poses a threat to human existence
• Biotechnology is the use of microorganisms and biological processes for various human requisites
• Organisms like yeast and bacteria have been used since BC 4000 for food preparation
• Genetic engineering is the modern form of biotechnology, involving controlling traits of organisms by changing genetic constitution
• Enzymes like restriction endonuclease and ligase are used to cut and join genes
• Gene therapy is a method where genes responsible for diseases are replaced with normal functional genes
• The Human Genome Project started in 1990 to identify genes responsible for specific traits
• Human genome has about 24,000 functional genes and a majority of non-functional "junk genes"
• Genetic modification is used to insert genes for insulin and growth hormones into animals
• Genetic modification is also implemented in plants, creating insect-resistant varieties like Bt brinjal, soybean, cotton, and maize
• DNA profiling, also known as DNA fingerprinting, is used to identify individuals and their hereditary characteristics
• DNA fingerprinting is helpful in cases of parental disputes, identifying missing persons, and solving crimes by comparing DNA samples
• PROTEIN REQUIRED

  A) INTERFERONS

  B) INSULIN

  C) EDPHRIN

  D) SOMATOTROPIN

  
• LOGO

  A) HUMAN GENOME PROJECT

  
• DISEASES

  A) VIRAL DISEASES

  B) DIABETES

  C) PAIN

  D) GROWTH DISORDERS

  
• A gene from one cell id transferred to another cell by using suitable vectors
• Vectors which contain ligated genes enters target cells
• Plasmids in bacteria are generally used as vectors
• Alec jeffreys in 1984 paved the way for DNA testing