Geography paper 2

• Igneous Rocks:

  • Molten rock can create basalt or granite through large volcanic eruptions
• Evidence of past volcanic activity at Arthur's Seat
• Metamorphic Rocks:

  • Sedimentary rocks heated or put under pressure change into metamorphic rocks
  • Metamorphic rocks are hard and resistant to erosion and weathering
  • Examples: shale becomes slate, limestone becomes marble
• Sedimentary Rocks:

  • Formed from sediments at the bottom of a lake or sea
  • Sediments can be sand, shells, or skeletons
  • Examples: limestone, chalk, clay, sandstone
• Glaciers:

  • Glaciers pick up and erode material as they move
  • They transport the material away
• Processes of Erosion in Glaciers:

  • Abrasion: sandpapering effect by rocks rubbing on bedrock, leaves smooth surface with scratches
  • Plucking: meltwater freezes around rock, breaking it off from bedrock or sides
• Transportation in Glaciers:

  • Material carried on top, within, underneath, and at the sides of a glacier is called moraine
• Corrie Formation:

  • Snow compacts into glacial ice in a hollow on a mountainside
  • Processes of abrasion, plucking, and freeze-thaw weathering deepen the hollow and steepen the walls
  • After the ice melts, a corrie is revealed, sometimes with lakes called tarns
• Waves:

  • Wave amplitude is the height from trough to crest
  • Wavelength is the horizontal distance from crest to crest
  • Fetch is the length of water wind blows over
  • Constructive waves build up the beach, have stronger swash
  • Destructive waves remove material from the beach, have stronger backwash
• River Features:

  • Upper course: V-shaped valleys, interlocking spurs, rapids, waterfalls
  • Rapids are fast, turbulent water over small steps
• Middle Course of a River:

  • More energy, higher volume of water
  • Gentle gradient, lateral erosion widens river channel
  • Meanders, faster flow due to less friction
• Lower Course of a River:

  • Wide, flat flood plain floods easily, deposits fine silt called alluvium
  • Alluvium helps build natural banks called levees
• Urban Geography:

  • Deindustrialisation leads to decline in North East
  • Inner city function changes due to redevelopment, housing provision, transport development, globalisation, growth of service sector, universities, and sports facilities
• Migration into Birmingham:

  • People moved for various reasons
• Deprivation in Birmingham:

  • Nechells and Aston wards are most deprived due to deindustrialisation and migration
• Urban Regeneration:

  • Positive impacts: more people moving in
  • Negative impacts: increased demand for services
• Urban regeneration can have both positive and negative impacts
• Positive impacts:

  • May lead to more people wanting to move into the area
  • More people will mean more money for shop owners and services
  • May increase the value of property
  • This means more wealth for existing property owners
  • Provide more business opportunities
• Negative impacts:

  • May displace existing residents to make way for regeneration projects
  • People may be forced to move as they cannot afford to buy property in the areas that have been regenerated
• Distinguishing between primary and secondary data
• Primary Data:

  • Fieldwork that you collect yourself or as part of a group such as questionnaire results or results from a beach profile
• Secondary Data:

  • Secondary data has been collected by someone else and provides background information to your enquiry, such as the coastal management plan for Swanage or a BGS geology map
• Distinguishing between quantitative and qualitative data
• Quantitative Data:

  • Data which contains numbers and figures
• Qualitative Data:

  • Data without numbers based on people’s opinions or ideas
• Reasons for selecting Broad Street and Eastside as study sites
• Broad Street:

  • First to be redeveloped from 1991, previously derelict
  • ICC opened in 1991, assess quality of life 30 years on
• Eastside:

  • Started redevelopment in 2000 with Thinktank, still being redeveloped
  • Similar to Broad Street in being on derelict land from deindustrialisation
  • Both sites central and easy to access on foot without crossing roads
• Environmental surveys for Broad Street and Eastside
• Broad Street:

  • Award scores for built environment, positive or negative
  • Repeat process for Eastside
  • Display results using mirror graphs for subjective data
• Perception survey for Eastside:

  • Display results as a word cloud
  • Analyze positive and negative results for Broad Street and Eastside
• Evaluation of data collection process
• Challenges:

  • Limited time for data collection
  • Reliance on group data and opportunity sampling
  • Weather affecting sample size and accuracy
• Quality of results:

  • Mistakes in data collection
  • Subjectivity in qualitative results
  • Small sample size affecting accuracy
  • Reliability of perception surveys and IMD data
• Key questions and data collection for Swanage enquiry
• Primary Data:

  • Photographs of defences
  • Groyne surveys
  • Beach profiles
  • Pebble surveys
  • Wave frequency and height
  • Bi-polar evaluations of defences
  • Questionnaires of people’s opinions
• Secondary Data:

  • Aerial photographs
  • British Geological Survey maps
  • OS maps
  • Shoreline management plans covering Swanage
• Qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques
• Qualitative Techniques:

  • Annotating photographs
  • Questionnaires
  • Maps showing land use
• Quantitative Techniques:

  • Bi-polar evaluations
  • Graphs showing interruptions in longshore drift
  • Beach profiles showing sediment size