paper 2

• Glacier


  Ice mass that moves and has energy like a wave or river

  
• What glaciers do as they move

  1. Pick up or erode material

  2. Carry it away, or transport it

  
• Processes of erosion when ice is moving

  • Abrasion
  • Plucking

  
• How a corrie forms

  1. Abrasion and plucking

  2. Freeze-thaw weathering

  3. Hollow grows deeper

  4. Walls get steeper
• Constructive waves


  • Build up the beach
  • Spilling waves
  • Stronger swash
  • Low amplitude
  • Longer wavelength
• Destructive waves


  • Remove material from the beach
  • Plunging waves
  • Stronger backwash
  • High amplitude
  • Shorter wavelength
• Concordant coastline


  Layers of rock run parallel to the coast
• Discordant coastline


  Layers of rock run perpendicular to the coast
• River long profile


  Gradual slope from source to mouth
• Processes of erosion


  • Abrasion
  • Attrition
  • Solution
  • Hydraulic action
• Transportation


  Rocks and stones being carried along by the river
• Types of transportation


  • Traction
  • Saltation
  • Suspension
  • Solution
• 1. v shaped valley


  Formed by vertical erosion in the upper course of a river
• Flood plain


  • Wide, flat low-lying area that floods easily
  • Deposits fine silt called alluvium
  • Natural banks called levees
• Population density of London is about 5700 people per square km
• Population density of Cornwall is about 160 people per square km
• London's economic importance


  • Produces 22% of UK's GDP with just 13% of its population
  • People migrate to London for work
  • Spending creates a multiplier effect
• PQE technique for describing distribution

  • Pattern
  • Quantify
  • Exception
• Urban regeneration has both positive and negative impacts
• Negative impacts of urban regeneration
• Environmental survey results are subjective and can be displayed as mirror graphs
• Perception survey results can be displayed as a word cloud
• Evaluation should consider accuracy and reliability of data collection
• Factors affecting accuracy and reliability of data collection
• How do waterfalls form?

  Erosion of the riverbed or ground, gradual decrease in elevation, and the water flowing over the edge of a gorge or cliff.
• How do waterfalls change over time?

  Through erosion, base-leveling, cutting off tributaries, and falls erosion, which can lead to changes in shape, size, and location.
• What happens in the lower course of a river?

  The lower course is influenced by coastal processes (wave action, tidal action, sediment deposition) and fluvial processes (river mouth modification, estuary formation, delta growth).
• What happens in the upper course of a river?

  The upper course features mountainous landforms, high gradient, small discharge, weathering and erosion, and coarser sediment transport.
• What are some features of a floodplain?

  Geomorphic features (alluvial deposits, meanders, oxbow lakes), vegetation and land use (flood-resistant trees, agriculture, recreation/conservation), and flood-related features (flood channels, overbank flow, flood scars).
• What is the multiplier effect in economics?

  The multiplier effect is the amplification of economic activity resulting from government expenditure or fiscal policy, where initial spending generates new economic activity, which is in turn amplified through the economy.
• What are some positive impacts of regeneration?

  Economic benefits (job creation, investment, property values), social benefits (community building, improved amenities, enhanced quality of life), and environmental benefits (renewable energy, improved infrastructure, green spaces).
• What are some negative impacts of regeneration?

  Displacement and gentrification, loss of cultural heritage, environmental concerns, social concerns (increased wealth disparity, overcrowding and traffic).