Life Science

• structure of the animal body; particularly the human

  Anatomy
• study of cellular components (carbohydrates, protein, lipids, nucleic acids)


  Biochemistry
• study of plants


  Botany
• cells at the microscopic level


  Cell Biology
• study of plant crops and livestock


  Agriculture
• formation and structure of macromolecules


  Molecular Biology
• study of fungi


  Mycology
• study of functions of the structures of the organism


  Physiology
• study of fish


  Ichthyology
• study of animals


  Zoology
• study of birds


  Ornithology
• study of insects


  Entomology
• If a solution’s pH is unbalanced, it is corrected with a

  BUFFER.
• ALL cells have a cell membrane made of Phosphate,

  proteins, and lipids

  That’s why it’s called the Phospholipid Bilayer
• A single phospholipid has hydrophilic (water loving) phosphate heads AND hydrophobic (water hating) fatty acid tails
• Explains how modern eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes


  Endosymbiotic Theory
• Movement of particles from high to low concentration


  Diffusion
• movement of small particles across the cell membrane like the cell

  membrane until homeostasis is reached.

  Diffusion
• The relatively constant state maintained by the body. This helps the body maintain a stable internal environment.

  Homeostasis
• Facilitated diffusion requires the help of carrier and channel proteins

  These particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.


  Facilitated Diffusion
• Active transport is the movement of molecules from LOW to HIGH concentration. Energy is required as molecules must be pumped against the concentration gradient. Proteins that work as pumps are called protein pumps.
• What are the seven characteristics of life?


  Organization, Metabolism, Growth and development, Reproduction, Respond to stimuli, Adaptability, and Homeostasis
• breaking down substances for sustenance


  Catabolism
• building up substances


  Anabolism
• contain a low concentration of solute relative to another solution

  (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, the water diffuses into the cell, causing the cell to swell and possibly explode.


  Hypotonic
• contain a high concentration of solute relative to another solution

  (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, the water diffuses out of the cell, causing the cell to shrivel.

  Hypertonic
• contain the same concentration of solute as another solution (e.g. the

  cell's cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, the water diffuses into and out of the cell at the same rate. The fluid that surrounds the body cells is isotonic

  Isotonic
• the movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane like the cell membrane. Water moves across the cell membrane

  from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.


  Osmosis