3.2

• Geology is branch of science that deals with the study of the physical and historical aspects of Earth.
• Geology studies Earth's composition, structure, and dynamic processes, as well as the organisms that inhabit it.
• Geochemistry - chemical composition and changes of materials that make up Earth.
• Geophysics - behavior of Earth in response to physical forces.
• Mineralogy - chemical composition and structure of minerals
• Petrology - composition and origin of rocks.
• Paleontology - fossils or remains of organisms
• Paleography - geologic maps and locations of land masses that may have been lost.
• Stratigraphy - layers of Erath's bedrock, which is essentially that of soil, sand, pebbles, etc.
• Geology reveals what lies on and below Earth's surface, including renewable and nonrenewable resources of Earth.
• Earth's three distinct layers: crust, mantle, and core.
• Crust is the solid rock layer that makes up the outermost portion of Earth.
• Below the crust is the mantle, which stretches to a depth of about 2890 km before reaching the core.
• The inner core consists of molten rock called magma.
• Seismologists are scientists who study the propagation of seismic waves in earth. They use earthquakes to "see" within Earth.
• The crust is composed of massive and irregularly shapes slabs of solid rock called tectonic plates.
• Oceanic plates are dense and are made up of basaltic rocks.
• Continental plates are thicker, lighter, and are made up of granitic rocks.
• Convergent boundaries - tectonic plates move against pr toward each other.
• 3 types of convergent boundaries : oceanic-continental, oceanic-oceanic, and continental-continental.
• Oceanic-continental - An oceanic crust may be consumed and brought down through subduction below the continental plate.
• Oceanic-oceanic - One oceanic crust is subducted under another oceanic crust to form deep ocean trenches.
• Continential-continential - No subduction occurs. Instead, converging continental plates push land masses upward, eventually forming mountain range or volcanoes.
• Divergent boundaries - tectonic plates move away from each other. They usually occur along the crest in oceanic ridges.
• Transform boundaries - tectonic plates slide horizontally past each other and form faults.
• Rocks within the crust may be classified into 3 types: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
• Igneous rocks are formed out of magma that has cooled down.
• Sedimentary rocks consists of previously loose materials.
• Metamorphic rooks are formed when sedimentary rocks or igneous rocks are subjected to enough heat and pressure.
• Geologists define minerals as naturally occurring, inorganic, solid substances that are composed of molecules.
• Minerals are formed through a process called crystallization, which occurs when conditions allow for atoms or molecules to bond together in a definite and ordered internal structure.
• Creating a large pit or depression using bulldozers and other heavy machinery then collect the rocks containing the ore minerals. This method is known as surface mining.
• Burrowing a tunnel where people and machines can collect rock samples. This method is known as underground mining.