Tissue

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Created by
Jessa Barrera

Cards (45)

  • Four major types
    1. Epithelial
    2. Connective (many components)
    3. Muscle
    4. Nervous
  • EPITHELIAL TISSUES
    CHARACTERISTICS
     Cells are closely
    packed without any
    intercellular spaces
     Lie on basement
    membrane
  • Simple cubodial –
    o single layer of cube-shaped cells
    o line kidney tubules
    o cover ovaries
    o line ducts of some glands
  • Simple columnar –
    o single layer of elongated cells
    o nuclei usually near the basement
    o membrane at same level
    o sometimes possess cilia
    o sometimes possess microvilli
    o often have goblet cells
    o line uterus, stomach, intestines
  • Pseudostratified columnar –
    o single layer of elongated cells
    o nuclei at two or more levels
    o appear striated
    o often have cilia
    o often have goblet cells
    o line respiratory passageways
  • Simple squamous –
    o single layer of flat cells
    o substances pass easily through
    o line air sacs
    o line blood vessels
    o line lymphatic vessels
  • Keratinised Squamous Epithelium (skin)
     Found on dry
    surfaces subjected
    to wear and tear.
     Consists of dead
    epithelial cells that
    have lost their
    nuclei and contain
    the protein keratin.
     Sites
     Skin, hairs and nails
  • Non-Keratinised Epithelium
     Protects moist
    surfaces subjected
    to wear and tear
    and prevents them
    from drying out.
     Sites
    Conjunctiva of the
    eyes, the lining of
    the mouth, the
    vagina.
  • Stratified squamous –
     many cell layers
     top cells are flat
     can accumulate keratin
     outer layer of skin
     line oral cavity, vagina, and anal canal
  • Stratified cuboidal –
     2-3 layers
     cube-shaped cells
     line ducts of mammary glands, sweat
    glands, salivary glands, and the
    pancreas
  • Stratified columnar –
     top layer of elongated cells
     cube-shaped cells in deeper layers
     line part of male urethra and part of
    pharynx
  • Transitional –
     many cell layers
     cube-shaped and elongated cells
     line urinary bladder, ureters, and part of
    urethra
  • TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
     Composed
    of several
    layers of
    pear
    shaped cells
    which are
    very elastic
    and have
    the capacity
    of dividing
    themselves.
     Sites
     Lines several parts of the urinary tract
    including the bladder.
  • TYPES OF EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES
    • Serous
    • Mucous
    • Cutaneous
    • Synovial
  • Serous (GI tract?)
     line body cavities that
    do not open to the
    outside
     reduce friction
     inner lining of thorax
    and abdomen
     cover organs of thorax
    and abdomen
     secrete serous fluid
  • Mucous
     line tubes and organs
    that open to outside world
     lining of mouth, nose, throat,
    etc.
     secrete mucus
  • Cutaneous
    covers body
    skin
  • Synovial
    • composed entirely of connective tissue
    • lines joints
  • GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM
    • Composed of cells that are specialized to produce and secrete substances
    o Endocrine glands are ductless
    o Exocrine glands have ducts
    o Unicellular exocrine gland
    • composed of one cell
    • goblet cell
    o Multicellular exocrine gland
    • composed of many cells
    sweat glands, salivary glands, etc.
    • simple and compound
  • TYPES OF GLANDULAR SECRETIONS
    Merocrine glands
     fluid product
     salivary glands
     pancreas
     sweat glands
    Apocrine glands
     cellular product
     portions of cells
     mammary glands
     ceruminous glands
    Holocrine glands
     secretory products
     whole cells
     sebaceous gland
  • FUNCTIONS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUES
    Role of defense and protect the body organs
    Secrete gastric juice in stomach
    Absorb digested food in intestine
    Removes waste as sweat in skin
  • CONNECTIVE TISSUES (CT)
    are a group of tissues which connects or
    binds other tissues in the body.
    GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS -
     most abundant tissue type
     many functions
    bind structures
    provide support and protection
    serve as frameworks
    fill spaces
    store fat
    produce blood cells
    protect against infections
    • help repair tissue damage
     have a matrix
     have varying degrees of vascularity
     have cells that usually divide
  • CONNECTIVE TISSUE MAJOR CELL TYPES
    Fibroblasts
     fixed cell
     most common cell
     large, star-shaped
     produce fibers
    Mast cells
     fixed cell
     release heparin
     release histamine
    Macrophages
     wandering cell
     phagocytic
     important in injury
     or infection
  • CONNECTIVE TISSUE MAJOR CELL TYPES
    Fibroblasts
     They are large cells with irregular processes
    Manufacture collagen and elastic fibres and a
    matrix of extracellular material.
     Functions:
     Active in tissue repair
    Fat cells
     Also known as adipocytes
     These cells occur singly or in groups in many
    types of connective tissues and are especially
    abundant in adipose tissue.
  • CONNECTIVE TISSUE MAJOR CELL TYPES
    Macrophages
     These are large irregular shaped cells
    with granules in the cytoplasm
     Important part of the body defence
    mechanism because they are actively
    phagocytic, engulfing and digesting cell
    debris, bacteria and other foreign
    bodies.
    Leucocytes
     White blood cells are normally found
    in small numbers in healthy connective
    tissues.
     Synthesis and secret specific defensive
    antibodies into the blood and tissue
    Mast cells
     Similar to basophilic
  • CONNECTIVE TISSUE MAJOR CELL TYPES
    leukocytes
     Found in loose connective tissues,
    under the fibrous capsules of some
    organs. eg.liver and spleen.
  • CONNECTIVE TISSUE FIBERS
    Collagenous fibers (strength/dense)
     thick
     composed of collagen
     great tensile strength
     abundant in dense CT
     hold structures together
     tendons, ligaments
    Reticular fibers (supportive)
     very thin collagenous fibers
     highly branched
     form supportive networks
    BUENO, M.
    Elastic fibers (stretch)
     bundles of microfibrils embedded in
    elastin
     fibers branch
     elastic
     vocal cords, air passages
  • CONNECTIVE TISSUE FIBERS
    Connective tissue proper
    loose connective tissue
    adipose tissue
     reticular connective tissue
    dense connective tissue
     elastic connective tissue
    Specialized connective tissue
     cartilage
     bone
     blood
    Loose connective tissue
     mainly fibroblasts
     fluid to gel-like matrix
     collagenous fibers
     elastic fibers
     bind skin to structures
     beneath most epithelia
     blood vessels nourish
     nearby epithelial cells
     between muscles
  • Adipose tissue
    adipocytes
    cushions
    insulates
     store fats
    beneath skin
     behind eyeballs
     around kidneys and heart
  • WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUES
     More present in obesity and in less in those
    who are underweight
     Found in between muscle fibres and under the
    skin, where it acts as a thermal insulator and
    energy store.
     Sites
     Deeper layer of skin, buttocks, breast and
    around kidneys
    BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE (newborns)
     Present in the newborn
     Has a more extensive capillary network than
    white adipose tissue.
     Produces less energy and more heat than other
    fat contributing to the maintenance of body
    temperature.
  • Reticular connective tissue
     composed of reticular fibers
     supports internal organ walls
     walls of liver, spleen, lymphatic organs
  • Dense connective tissue
     packed collagenous fibers
     elastic fibers
     few fibroblasts
     bind body parts together
     tendons, ligaments, dermis
     poor blood supply
  • Dense connective tissue
    • Elastic connective tissue
    • Fibrous tissue
  • Elastic connective tissue
     abundant in elastic fibers
     some collagenous fibers
     fibroblasts
     attachments between bones
     walls of large arteries, airways, heart
  • Bone (Osseous Tissue) calcium lvl
     solid matrix
     supports
     protects
     forms blood cells
     attachment for muscles
     skeleton
     osteocytes in lacunae
  • Cartilage
     rigid matrix
     chondrocytes in lacunae
     poor blood supply
     three types
     hyaline
     elastic
     fibrocartilage
    Hyaline cartilage
     most abundant
     ends of bones
     nose, respiratory passages
     embryonic skeleton
    Elastic cartilage
     flexible
     external ear, larynx
    Fibrocartilage
     very tough
     shock absorber
     intervertebral discs
     pads of knee and pelvic girdle
  • CARTILAGE
    cells are sparse and lei embedded in matrix
    reinforced by collagen and elastic fibres.
  • HYALINE CARTILAGE
     It is a smooth
    bluish white
    tissues. The
    chondrocytes
    are arranged in
    small groups
    within cell
    nests and
    matrix is solid and smooth.
     Function:
     Provides flexibility, support and smooth
    surfaces for movements at joints.
     Sites:
     Ends of long bones
     Forming the parts of larynx, trachea and
    bronchi
  • FIBROCARTLIAGE
     Consists of dense
    masses of white
    collagen fibres in
    a matrix similar
    to that of hyaline
    cartilage with the
    cells widely
    dispersed.
     It is a tough, slightly flexible, supporting
    tissue.
     Sites
     Pads between intervertebral disc
     Between pubic bones(symphysis pubis)
  • ELASTIC FIBROCARTILAGE
     Contains large amount
    of elastin fibres in the
    chondrin .
     It's highly flexible
     Sites
     The pinna or lobe of ear, epiglottis