Tissue

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    Created by
    Jessa Barrera

    Cards (45)

    • Four major types
      1. Epithelial
      2. Connective (many components)
      3. Muscle
      4. Nervous
    • EPITHELIAL TISSUES
      CHARACTERISTICS
       Cells are closely
      packed without any
      intercellular spaces
       Lie on basement
      membrane
    • Simple cubodial –
      o single layer of cube-shaped cells
      o line kidney tubules
      o cover ovaries
      o line ducts of some glands
    • Simple columnar –
      o single layer of elongated cells
      o nuclei usually near the basement
      o membrane at same level
      o sometimes possess cilia
      o sometimes possess microvilli
      o often have goblet cells
      o line uterus, stomach, intestines
    • Pseudostratified columnar –
      o single layer of elongated cells
      o nuclei at two or more levels
      o appear striated
      o often have cilia
      o often have goblet cells
      o line respiratory passageways
    • Simple squamous –
      o single layer of flat cells
      o substances pass easily through
      o line air sacs
      o line blood vessels
      o line lymphatic vessels
    • Keratinised Squamous Epithelium (skin)
       Found on dry
      surfaces subjected
      to wear and tear.
       Consists of dead
      epithelial cells that
      have lost their
      nuclei and contain
      the protein keratin.
       Sites
       Skin, hairs and nails
    • Non-Keratinised Epithelium
       Protects moist
      surfaces subjected
      to wear and tear
      and prevents them
      from drying out.
       Sites
      Conjunctiva of the
      eyes, the lining of
      the mouth, the
      vagina.
    • Stratified squamous –
       many cell layers
       top cells are flat
       can accumulate keratin
       outer layer of skin
       line oral cavity, vagina, and anal canal
    • Stratified cuboidal –
       2-3 layers
       cube-shaped cells
       line ducts of mammary glands, sweat
      glands, salivary glands, and the
      pancreas
    • Stratified columnar –
       top layer of elongated cells
       cube-shaped cells in deeper layers
       line part of male urethra and part of
      pharynx
    • Transitional –
       many cell layers
       cube-shaped and elongated cells
       line urinary bladder, ureters, and part of
      urethra
    • TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
       Composed
      of several
      layers of
      pear
      shaped cells
      which are
      very elastic
      and have
      the capacity
      of dividing
      themselves.
       Sites
       Lines several parts of the urinary tract
      including the bladder.
    • TYPES OF EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES
      • Serous
      • Mucous
      • Cutaneous
      • Synovial
    • Serous (GI tract?)
       line body cavities that
      do not open to the
      outside
       reduce friction
       inner lining of thorax
      and abdomen
       cover organs of thorax
      and abdomen
       secrete serous fluid
    • Mucous
       line tubes and organs
      that open to outside world
       lining of mouth, nose, throat,
      etc.
       secrete mucus
    • Cutaneous
      covers body
      skin
    • Synovial
      • composed entirely of connective tissue
      • lines joints
    • GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM
      • Composed of cells that are specialized to produce and secrete substances
      o Endocrine glands are ductless
      o Exocrine glands have ducts
      o Unicellular exocrine gland
      • composed of one cell
      • goblet cell
      o Multicellular exocrine gland
      • composed of many cells
      sweat glands, salivary glands, etc.
      • simple and compound
    • TYPES OF GLANDULAR SECRETIONS
      Merocrine glands
       fluid product
       salivary glands
       pancreas
       sweat glands
      Apocrine glands
       cellular product
       portions of cells
       mammary glands
       ceruminous glands
      Holocrine glands
       secretory products
       whole cells
       sebaceous gland
    • FUNCTIONS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUES
      Role of defense and protect the body organs
      Secrete gastric juice in stomach
      Absorb digested food in intestine
      Removes waste as sweat in skin
    • CONNECTIVE TISSUES (CT)
      are a group of tissues which connects or
      binds other tissues in the body.
      GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS -
       most abundant tissue type
       many functions
      bind structures
      provide support and protection
      serve as frameworks
      fill spaces
      store fat
      produce blood cells
      protect against infections
      • help repair tissue damage
       have a matrix
       have varying degrees of vascularity
       have cells that usually divide
    • CONNECTIVE TISSUE MAJOR CELL TYPES
      Fibroblasts
       fixed cell
       most common cell
       large, star-shaped
       produce fibers
      Mast cells
       fixed cell
       release heparin
       release histamine
      Macrophages
       wandering cell
       phagocytic
       important in injury
       or infection
    • CONNECTIVE TISSUE MAJOR CELL TYPES
      Fibroblasts
       They are large cells with irregular processes
      Manufacture collagen and elastic fibres and a
      matrix of extracellular material.
       Functions:
       Active in tissue repair
      Fat cells
       Also known as adipocytes
       These cells occur singly or in groups in many
      types of connective tissues and are especially
      abundant in adipose tissue.
    • CONNECTIVE TISSUE MAJOR CELL TYPES
      Macrophages
       These are large irregular shaped cells
      with granules in the cytoplasm
       Important part of the body defence
      mechanism because they are actively
      phagocytic, engulfing and digesting cell
      debris, bacteria and other foreign
      bodies.
      Leucocytes
       White blood cells are normally found
      in small numbers in healthy connective
      tissues.
       Synthesis and secret specific defensive
      antibodies into the blood and tissue
      Mast cells
       Similar to basophilic
    • CONNECTIVE TISSUE MAJOR CELL TYPES
      leukocytes
       Found in loose connective tissues,
      under the fibrous capsules of some
      organs. eg.liver and spleen.
    • CONNECTIVE TISSUE FIBERS
      Collagenous fibers (strength/dense)
       thick
       composed of collagen
       great tensile strength
       abundant in dense CT
       hold structures together
       tendons, ligaments
      Reticular fibers (supportive)
       very thin collagenous fibers
       highly branched
       form supportive networks
      BUENO, M.
      Elastic fibers (stretch)
       bundles of microfibrils embedded in
      elastin
       fibers branch
       elastic
       vocal cords, air passages
    • CONNECTIVE TISSUE FIBERS
      Connective tissue proper
      loose connective tissue
      adipose tissue
       reticular connective tissue
      dense connective tissue
       elastic connective tissue
      Specialized connective tissue
       cartilage
       bone
       blood
      Loose connective tissue
       mainly fibroblasts
       fluid to gel-like matrix
       collagenous fibers
       elastic fibers
       bind skin to structures
       beneath most epithelia
       blood vessels nourish
       nearby epithelial cells
       between muscles
    • Adipose tissue
      adipocytes
      cushions
      insulates
       store fats
      beneath skin
       behind eyeballs
       around kidneys and heart
    • WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUES
       More present in obesity and in less in those
      who are underweight
       Found in between muscle fibres and under the
      skin, where it acts as a thermal insulator and
      energy store.
       Sites
       Deeper layer of skin, buttocks, breast and
      around kidneys
      BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE (newborns)
       Present in the newborn
       Has a more extensive capillary network than
      white adipose tissue.
       Produces less energy and more heat than other
      fat contributing to the maintenance of body
      temperature.
    • Reticular connective tissue
       composed of reticular fibers
       supports internal organ walls
       walls of liver, spleen, lymphatic organs
    • Dense connective tissue
       packed collagenous fibers
       elastic fibers
       few fibroblasts
       bind body parts together
       tendons, ligaments, dermis
       poor blood supply
    • Dense connective tissue
      • Elastic connective tissue
      • Fibrous tissue
    • Elastic connective tissue
       abundant in elastic fibers
       some collagenous fibers
       fibroblasts
       attachments between bones
       walls of large arteries, airways, heart
    • Bone (Osseous Tissue) calcium lvl
       solid matrix
       supports
       protects
       forms blood cells
       attachment for muscles
       skeleton
       osteocytes in lacunae
    • Cartilage
       rigid matrix
       chondrocytes in lacunae
       poor blood supply
       three types
       hyaline
       elastic
       fibrocartilage
      Hyaline cartilage
       most abundant
       ends of bones
       nose, respiratory passages
       embryonic skeleton
      Elastic cartilage
       flexible
       external ear, larynx
      Fibrocartilage
       very tough
       shock absorber
       intervertebral discs
       pads of knee and pelvic girdle
    • CARTILAGE
      cells are sparse and lei embedded in matrix
      reinforced by collagen and elastic fibres.
    • HYALINE CARTILAGE
       It is a smooth
      bluish white
      tissues. The
      chondrocytes
      are arranged in
      small groups
      within cell
      nests and
      matrix is solid and smooth.
       Function:
       Provides flexibility, support and smooth
      surfaces for movements at joints.
       Sites:
       Ends of long bones
       Forming the parts of larynx, trachea and
      bronchi
    • FIBROCARTLIAGE
       Consists of dense
      masses of white
      collagen fibres in
      a matrix similar
      to that of hyaline
      cartilage with the
      cells widely
      dispersed.
       It is a tough, slightly flexible, supporting
      tissue.
       Sites
       Pads between intervertebral disc
       Between pubic bones(symphysis pubis)
    • ELASTIC FIBROCARTILAGE
       Contains large amount
      of elastin fibres in the
      chondrin .
       It's highly flexible
       Sites
       The pinna or lobe of ear, epiglottis
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