Bacterial Morphology and Bacterial Growth

• Envelope: protects the bacteria from harsh environmental conditions.
• Glycocalyx: Outermost covering of some bacteria.
• Capsule: it is strongly attached to the cell wall.
• Slime layer: it is loosely attached to the cell wall.
• Peptidoglycan (murein or mucopeptide): Principal component of bacterial cell wall.
• Mesosomes: Functional analogue of the mitochondria.
• Nucleoid: Its genetic material is packed in a structure called?
• Lipopolysaccharide: Cell wall components found only in gram-NEGATIVE bacteria.
• Outer Membrane: structure found in gram-NEGATIVE that responsible for it's endotoxin activity
• Teichoic and Lipoteichoic Acid: Cell wall components found only in gram-POSITIVE bacteria
• Mycolic Acid: reason why the cell wall of acid-fast organism is hydrophobic
• acid-fast organism is composed of large amounts of waxes that are known as? Mycolic Acid
• hread-like structures made up entirely of molecules? Flagella
• composed of bundle of fibrils? Axial Filaments
• Cytoplasmic Membrane: Site of electric transport chain
• Sporulation: spore production called?
• Germination: a proces a process where the endospores revert to their vegetative state?
• Microbial Growth: Increase in the number of cells
• Growth: increase in the sum of all components of the organisms.
• Bacterial Colony: composed of thousands of cells.
• Carbon: Makes up the structural backbone or skeleton of all organic molecules.
• Autotrophs: Microorganisms that utilize inorganic compounds as their sole carbon source.
• Heterotrophs: Microorganisms that make use of organic substances such as glucose as their carbon source.
• Nitrogen n Sulfur: these are required for synthesis of proteins?
• Inorganic ions: serves as a confactor in the activity of many enzymes?
• Cytochrome: component of the electron transport chain that functions as a confactor for enzymatic event?
• Water: serves as the medium from which bacteria acquire their nutrients?
• Oxygen: used for cellular respiration and serve as the final electron acceptor?
• Facultative organism: organisms that can survive under both aerobic n anaerobic conditions?
• Microaerophiles: organisms that are able to grow at low oxygen tension but their rate of growth is diminished?
• Capnophiles: Organisms that require addition of carbon dioxide to enhance their growth.
• Thermophiles - higher than 40°C
• Mesophiles - 20–40°C, most medically important bacterias
• Psychrophiles - 10-20°C
• Alkalophiles - pH of 8.4–9.0
• Neutrophiles - pH of 6.5–7.5
• Acidophiles: Bacteria require a pH less than 6.0.
• Halophiles: Organisms that require high salt concentrations for growth.
• Osmophiles: Organisms that require high osmotic pressure for growth?
• The normal microbial cytoplasmic salt concentration is approximately 1%