MicroPara

• The Gram stain is used to differentiate between gram-positive bacteria (blue) and gram-negative bacteria (pink).
• Gram-positive bacteria have thick peptidoglycan layers, while gram-negative bacteria have thin peptidoglycan layers.
• Bacteria can be classified based on their shape as cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), spirilla (spiral-shaped), or vibrio (comma-shaped).
• Microbiology is the study of all living organisms that are too small to be visible with the naked eye.
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723). Referred to as the “Father of Microbiology,” the “Father of

  Bacteriology,” and the “Father of Protozoology”
• he observed various tiny living creatures, which he called "aimalcules"
• Louis Pasteur (1822–1895). Discovered forms of life that could exist in the absence of oxygen. He introduced the terms “aerobes” (organisms that require oxygen) and “anaerobes” (organisms that do not require oxygen)
• Louis Pasteur created pasteurization to eliminate wine spoilage-causing bacteria.
• Yeasts ferment grape glucose to ethanol, but invading

  bacteria like Acetobacter ferment glucose to acetic acid (vinegar)
• Joseph Lister. During the 1860s Joseph Lister, an English surgeon, reasoned that surgical infection (sepsis) might be caused by microorganisms.
• Sepsis = The condition resulting from the presence of pathogenic microbes or their products in blood or tissues.
• His (Joseph Lister) procedures came to be known as antiseptic (against sepsis) surgery, and included hand washing, sterilizing instruments, and dressing wounds with carbolic acid (phenol).
• Ignaz Philip Semmelweis began using antiseptic procedures to prevent "childbirth"
• Direct evidence demonstrating that bacteria were disease-causing agents (etiological agents) was provided by Robert Koch
• Koch identified Bacillus anthracis as the cause of anthrax in sheep and cattle. Koch developed a series of experiments to prove a specific microbe caused an illness.
• These postulates, known as Koch's, contributed significantly to the germ theory of illness.
• Koch's research on tuberculin, a protein from M. tuberculosis, led to a skin test for the disease
• Richard J. Petri - developed the Petri dish in which microbial cultures could be grown and manipulated
• Fanny Hesse - developed the use of agar as a solidifying agent for microbiological media.
• Hans Christian Gram - developed the Gram stain, a stain technique that could be used to separate two major groups of disease causing bacteria.
• Edward Jenner reported the used of a material scraped from the skin of an individual infected with cowpox to immunize a child against smallpox
• Paul Ehrlich developed a drug called salvarsan, and was an arsenic compound that was effective against syphilis
• Alexander Fleming discovered the penicillin
• The two major categories of microbes are called acellular microbes (also called infectious particles) and cellular microbes (also called microorganisms).
• Acellular microbes - lacking cellular organization. Include viruses and prions
• Cellular microbes - cytoplasmic membrane present. Broken into prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
• Eukaryotes - cells where genomes not contained within a nucleus. contain variety of cellular bodies called organelles.
• Prokaryotes - genome contained in a nucleus; are probably the smallest living organisms.
• Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms with no nucleus or nuclear membrane in their cells. It reproduces through binary fission. It can survive in temperatures ranging from 0° to 100°C and in oxygen-rich or oxygen- depleted environments.
• Fungus. Eukaryotic microorganisms such as multicellular molds and unicellular (single-celled) yeasts are classified as fungi.
• The fungi prefer acidic surroundings, and the majority of them can survive at ambient temperature in an oxygen-rich environment. A fungus is what the common mushroom is
• Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotic creatures. Many species have a feature of movement, and protozoa can be classed according on how they move
• Algae refers to a wide range of plant-like creatures.
• Algae are surrounded by cell walls made of cellulose
• Viruses are tiny amounts of genetic material (DNA or RNA) encased in a protein shell and, occasionally, a membranous envelope.
• Bacteriophages. A special type of virus that infects primarily bacteria.
• Biofilm- a complex aggregation of microbes.
• Monomorphic- Having a single shape
• The size, shape, and morphologic arrangement of various bacteria is a Bacterial Morphology
• Diplococci : COCCI that divide and remain attached in pairs.