pr 1

• Research is a systematic process aimed at exhaustive inquiry, investigation, or experimentation to find new facts and solutions to problems in various environments (social, natural, political, economics)
• Research deals with bringing in something new or novel through analytical reasoning, resulting in organized knowledge
• Reasons to study research:

  • To become research literate
  • To develop critical thinking
  • To generate knowledge
  • To come up with solutions to certain problems
• Philosophical Views in Research:

  • Post-Positivist:

  "We cannot be positive in our claims of knowledge when studying behavior and actions of humans"

  • Constructivist:

  "Individuals develop subjective meanings of their experiences"

  • Transformative:

  "Research inquiry should be intertwined with politics and political change agenda"

  • Pragmatic:

  "We need to look to many possibilities for collecting and analyzing data"
• Approaches in Research:

  • Qualitative Research:
  • Explores and understands the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem
  • Common designs: Narrative, Phenomenological, Ethnography, Case studies, Grounded theory, Historical
  • Quantitative Research:
  • Tests objective theories by examining the relationship among variables
  • Common designs: Correlational, Descriptive, Experimental, Descriptive Correlational
  • Mixed Approach:
  • Involves collecting both quantitative and qualitative data
• • Types of Mixed Approach: Convergent Parallel, Explanatory Sequential, Exploratory Sequential
• General Kinds of Research:

  • Basic/Fundamental/Theoretical/Pure Research:
  • Done for the purpose of knowing, understanding, or explaining natural and social phenomena
  • Uncovers general principles and develops theories without immediate specific use
  • Applied/Practical Research:
  • Done for testing or applying existing principles or theories to improve human conditions
• Forms of Basic/Theoretical Research:

  • Discovery: where a totally new idea emerges
  • Invention: where a new technique or method is created
  • Reflection: where existing theories or ideas are re-examined in a different context
• Forms of Applied Research:

  • Innovation: developing new practical products or techniques
  • On-Farm or On-Field Level Research: testing theories in limited areas before large-scale implementation
  • Developmental Research: applying results of applied research for wider analysis before mass implementation
• Evaluation or Assessment Research:

  • Pursues to find the worth, merit, or quality of a certain object, program, or project
• Orientational Research:

  • Focuses on advancing an ideological position, addressing inequality, discrimination, and empowering marginalized groups
• Action Research:

  • Focuses on solving local problems or immediate situations for practical concerns of involved people