Unit VII Part I - Motivation + Emotion + Stress

• motivation is a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.
• A need is a state of deprivation or deficiency. A drive is a state of bodily tension such as hunger or thirst that arises from an unmet need. The satisfaction of a drive is called drive reduction.need
• instinct is a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.
• homeostasis is a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.
• drive-reduction theory the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.
• The arousal theory of motivation states that motivation is dictated by specific levels of "arousal", which in psychology represents mental alertness. People have different levels of optimal arousal and are motivated to take actions that help them achieve their optimum level.
• instinct theory proposed from inborn drives
• evolutionary theory assumes that genes predisposed species-typical behavior that aids survival
• Incentive theory is one of the psychological theories of motivation that suggests that behavior is motivated by outside reinforcement or incentives versus internal forces.
• Yerkes-Dodson law is the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases.
• hierarchy of needs is Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.
• glucose is the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.
• ghrelin- location stomach - effect "I'm hungry: sends hungry signal to brain
• leptin- location fat cells -decreases hunger increases metabolism
• PYY- location digestive track - sends the I'm not hungry signal
• orexin- location hypothalamus- triggers conscious hunger
• facial feedback effect the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness.
• Emotions are conscious mental reactions (such as anger or fear) subjectively experienced as strong feelings usually directed toward a specific object and typically accompanied by physiological and behavioral changes in the body.
• sympathetic: the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy
• parasympathetic: the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy
• James-Lange Theory the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus: stimulus → arousal → emotion.
• Cannon-Bard theory the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.
• two-factor theory the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.
• Ekman developed a list of 6 basic emotions, also known as primal emotions, which include: anger, disgust, happiness, sadness, fear, and surprise. Ekman's universal list of facial expressions includes a description of each emotion and the facial expression that is represented by the emotion.
• Schachter and Singer's (1962) study demonstrated that people can experience misattribution of arousal because their cognitive appraisals identified the wrong eliciting event (it's the confederate, not the shot, that is causing my arousal!).
• A stressor is a situation or event that causes us to feel stressed.
• tress can be defined as a state of worry or mental tension caused by a difficult situation.
• The stress response, or “fight or flight” response is the emergency reaction system of the body. It is there to keep you safe in emergencies. The stress response includes physical and thought responses to your perception of various situations.
• general adaptation syndrome (GAS) Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion.
• Type A is Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.
• Type B is Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people.
• Chronic stress may also cause disease, either because of changes in your body or the overeating, smoking, and other bad habits people use to cope with stress. Job strain—high demands coupled with low decision-making latitude—is associated with an increased risk of coronary disease, for example.Oct 31, 2022an
• B lymphocytes, which release antibodies that fight bacterial infections;
• T lymphocytes, which attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances;
• macrophage cells (“big eaters”), which identify, pursue, and ingest harmful invaders and worn-out cells; and
• natural killer cells (NK cells), which attack diseased cells (such as those infected by viruses or cancer). Types of immune cells
• Stress can also trigger immune suppression by reducing the release of disease-fighting lymphocytes.