Histo lec

Subdecks (2)

Cards (72)

  • Histology is the study of the tissues of the body and how they are arranged to constitute organs
  • Cells are the basic structural and functional units of all multicellular organisms
  • Prokaryotic cells have a cell wall, lack nuclei, and membranous cytoplasmic structures
  • Eukaryotic cells have cell membranes, nucleus, and cytoplasm
  • Cell differentiation is a specialization process where cells express sets of genes that mediate specific activities and become efficiently organized in tissues with specialized functions
  • Cellular components include the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus
  • The plasma membrane is a lipid bilayer that functions as a selective barrier regulating the passage of materials into and out of the cell
  • Biochemical components of the plasma membrane include lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates
  • Integral Proteins are incorporated directly within the lipid bilayer, while Peripheral Proteins are bound to one of the two membrane surfaces, particularly on the cytoplasmic side
  • Passive processes involve the movement of substances down a concentration gradient without the expenditure of cellular energy
  • Active processes involve the movement of substances that require the expenditure of cellular energy
  • Passive processes include simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion
  • Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
  • Facilitated diffusion can be channel-mediated or carrier-mediated
  • Active transport involves the transport of ions or small molecules across the membrane against a concentration gradient by transmembrane protein pumps
  • Vesicular transport includes endocytosis and exocytosis
  • Endocytosis involves the movement of substances by vesicles forming at the plasma membrane
  • Major types of endocytosis are Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, and Receptor-mediated endocytosis
  • Phagocytosis is the ingestion of particles such as bacteria or dead cell remnants
  • Pinocytosis involves smaller invaginations of the cell membrane that entrap extracellular fluid and its dissolved contents
  • Receptor-mediated endocytosis occurs when plasma membrane receptors first bind specific substances and are taken up by the cell
  • Exocytosis is the bulk movement of substances out of the cell by fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane
  • Ribosomes are found free or attached to rough ER
  • Nucleolus - site of ribosome synthesis
  • The nucleus is the largest organelle, containing DNA
  • Free ribosomes synthesize proteins destined for use within the cytoplasm
  • Bound ribosomes synthesize proteins destined for export from the cell (secreted) or incorporated into organelles
  • Golgi apparatus - modifies, sorts, packages, and transports proteins and lipids within the cell
  • The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, packages, and transports newly made proteins and lipids
  • Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes used in digesting food materials and worn-out organelles
  • Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes used for digestion
  • Peroxisomes contain oxidative enzymes involved in detoxification reactions
  • Mitochondria produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
  • Golgi apparatus modifies proteins and lipids produced by RER
  • Bound ribosomes (rough ER) synthesize proteins that will be transported into the lumen of the ER
  • Golgi apparatus modifies and packages newly made proteins
  • Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol
  • Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell