ANTH

• world view: beliefs and thoughts of how the world works created by members of a society (what's true)
• ideology: a set of opinions or beliefs of a group or an individual (what they think it right)
• Play: a generalized form of openness
• Play involves the ability to act out or portray"

  1. the same things in different ways
  2. different things in the same way
• sport: an aggressively competitive, often physically exertive activity governed by game-like rules that are ritually patterned and agreed upon by all participants.
• art: objects, performances, and other manifestations that are made by humans, that manifest human creativity and frequently involve the use of, play with, and/or judgements about the use of specialized techniques.
• art is often designed to make people think or convey particular meanings
• aesthetics: the perception through one's sense rather than intellect and logic
• art worlds: the collective activity of the various people and institutions involved in shaping the production, distribution, and consumption of what is considered art within any given context.
• myth: a representative story that embodies a cultures assumptions about the way society or the world in general must operate
• ritual: a repetitive social practice set off from everyday routine and composed of a sequence of symbolic activities that adhere to a culturally defined ritual schema and are closely connected to a specific set of ideas significant to the culture.
• rites of passage: a form of ritual designed to move individuals from one social position to another
• communitas: a sense of solidarity found during the liminal phase
• phases of the rites of passage:

  • separation
  • transition
  • re-aggregation
• religion: ideas and beliefs that postulate reality beyond which is immediately available in the senses
• revitalization movement: a conscious, deliberate, and organized attempt of a society to create a more satisfying culture in a time of crisis.
• syncretism: the synthesis of old religious practices with new religious practices introduced from outside, often by force
• phases of economic processes:

  • production
  • distribution or exchange
  • consumption
• production: transforming nature's raw material into a form suitable for human use.
• food collectors: people who gather wild plant materials
• food producers: people who depend on the domestication of animals and plants
• categories of farming:

  • extensive agriculture
  • intensive agriculture
  • mechanized industrial agriculture
• extensive agriculture: making new plots after its been used
• intensive agriculture: using the same plot multiple times
• mechanized industrial agriculture: crops and animals are cultivated
• Marcel Mauss' Theory of the Gift

  • if friends make gifts, gifts make friends
• Distribution dominant modes:

  • reciprocity
  • redistribution
  • market exchange
• Practices of reciprocity:

  • generalized
  • balanced
  • negative reciprocity

  social distance increases as you go down the list
• generalized practice of reciprocity:

  • exchange without expectation of immediate return (i.e. parent and child)
• balanced practice of reciprocity:

  • exchange of goods with equal value within a set time period (i.e. birthday gifts)
• negative reciprocity:

  • one party seeks to benefit at the expense of the other
• Karl Marx's Theory of Exploitation under Capitalism

  • labour: humans labour produces new value
• Modes of production

  • means of production
  • relations of production
• mode of production: a specific, historically occurring set of social relations through which labour is deployed to wrest energy from nature by means of tools, skills, organization, and knowledge
• means of production: refers to the tools, skills, organization, and knowledge involved in production
• relations of production: refers to the social relations linking the people within a particular mode of production
• Eric Wolfs Modes of Production

  • kin-ordered
  • tributary mode
  • capitalism
• kin-ordered mode of production: tasks are done by kin
• tributary mode of production: labourers pay tribute to rulers
• Commodity: goods produced and exchanged under capitalism