manipulating genomes

• Once identified, scientists can use genetic engineering techniques to insert these genes into an organism's genome.
• Transgenic animals are produced through embryo injection with foreign DNA, while plants are transformed via Agrobacterium tumefaciens infection or particle bombardment.
• The inserted gene is called a transgene and it may be regulated by promoters that control its expression.
• Genetic engineering involves the transfer of DNA from one species or individual to another using various methods such as electroporation, microinjection, and viral vectors.
• Viral vectors are modified viruses that carry the desired gene into the target cells.
• Electroporation involves applying an electric field to the cells, causing temporary pores to form in their membranes that allow DNA to enter.
• The first step is to introduce the gene into the host cell, which can be done using electroporation or viral vectors.
• Recombinant DNA refers to DNA molecules formed by joining two different pieces of DNA together.
• Electroporation uses electric pulses to create pores in cell membranes, allowing DNA entry.
• Genetic modification is used to produce crops that resist pests, diseases, herbicides, and drought, as well as to enhance nutritional value and reduce food waste.
• Genetic modification involves the transfer of specific traits from one species to another using recombinant DNA technology.
• Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences known as restriction sites.
• The process involves identifying the gene responsible for the desired trait, isolating it from another species, introducing it into the target plant using various methods such as electroporation, and screening for successful transformation.
• Microinjection involves injecting DNA directly into cells using microneedles.
• Gene editing allows precise modifications to be made at specific locations within the genome without adding new DNA sequences.
• Electroporation uses electric pulses to create temporary pores in cell membranes, allowing DNA uptake.
• Microinjection involves injecting the DNA directly into the cell nucleus.
• Viral vectors involve modifying viruses to carry desired DNA sequences into target cells.
• Microinjection involves injecting DNA directly into the nucleus of a fertilized egg.
• Gene therapy aims to treat genetic disorders by introducing functional copies of defective genes into affected individuals' cells.
• Agrobacterium tumefaciens is used to introduce DNA into plant cells.
• Gene therapy has shown promising results in preclinical studies but faces challenges related to safety, delivery, and efficacy.
• Integration can occur through homologous recombination, where the new gene replaces a similar sequence in the genome.
• Particle bombardment uses high-velocity particles to deliver DNA into plant cells.