Foreign policy

• • Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1521 achieved little diplomatically
  • Conflict between Francis and Charles in 1521, leading to the Treaty of Bruges
  • Invasion of northern France in 1522 and 1523, gaining little and costing a lot
  • Treaty of Amiens in 1527, forming an anti-imperial alliance with the French
  • Invasion in 1544, capturing Boulogne but facing setbacks with Charles making a separate peace treaty with Francis I
  • War with France threatened in 1549 after Somerset's disasters with Scotland
• Henry VII's foreign policy towards France:

  • Raised an army in 1489 to protect Brittany from French invasion
  • Treaty of Redon in Feb 1489 to secure Brittany's independence from France
  • Anne and Maximilian's contracted marriage by proxy, but Anne married Charles VIII of France
  • Invasion of France in 1492, leading to the Treaty of Etaples in Nov 1492
  • Invasion in 1512 with 10,000 men to southwest France
  • Successful Battle of Spurs in 1513 in northeastern France
  • Treaty of Cambrai with Maximilian in 1518, leading to the Treaty of Perpetual Peace
• • Mary Queen of Scots taken to France in 1548 to marry Dauphin
• Henry VIII's foreign policy towards Scotland and France:

  • Battle of Flodden in 1513 against Scotland
  • Invasion of Scotland in 1542, successful after James V's death
  • Treaty of Greenwich in 1543 betrothing Edward VI to Mary Queen of Scots
  • Battle of Pinkie in 1547, defeating the Scottish but facing challenges with English forts
  • Accession of Francis II in 1559, husband of Mary Queen of Scots
  • Conflict between Catholics and Protestants in France in 1562, leading to English intervention in Scotland
  • Treaty of Berwick in 1560 supporting Lords of Congregation in Scotland
• Mary I's foreign policy towards France and Spain:

  • Marriage treaty with Phillip II in January 1554 and marriage in July 1554
  • War with France in 1557, leading to the loss of Calais
  • War with the papacy due to anti-Spanish sentiments
  • War against France and failed attempts to extradite England from the conflict
  • Peace treaty in April 1559 with France retaining Calais for 8 years
• Elizabeth I's foreign policy towards France, Spain, and the Netherlands:

  • Expulsion of Sea Beggars from English ports in 1572, leading to a full-scale revolt in the Netherlands
  • Treaty of Nonsuch in 1585 with Dutch Protestants to counter the Treaty of Joinville
  • Armada set sail in 1588, leading to the Battle in the English Channel
  • Three attacks on Spain and colonies from 1595
  • Main war on land in the Netherlands from 1588
  • Elizabeth's shift from dynastic considerations to defending national interests
• England's relations with Burgundy and the Holy Roman Empire:

  • Treaty of Windsor in 1506 with the Intercursus Malus
  • Trade embargo with Burgundy due to hospitality to Warbeck
  • Improved relations after Warbeck's departure
  • Treaty of Windsor with new trade agreements
  • Battle of Pavia in 1525 leading to strained relations with Charles V
• England's relations with Spain:

  • Breach in relations with Spain after the annulment to Katherine of Aragon
  • Ferdinand's lack of support for English forces in Gascony
  • Deterioration of relations with Spain in the 1560s
  • John Hawkins' actions in the Caribbean infuriating Spanish interests
  • Elizabeth's pressure to help Dutch Protestants, leading to tensions with Spain
• England's relations with the Netherlands:

  • Expulsion of Sea Beggars from English ports in 1572
  • Full-scale revolt in the Netherlands against Spanish rule
  • Elizabeth's support for Dutch provinces' autonomy
  • Treaty of Nonsuch in 1585 with Dutch Protestants
  • Spanish annexation of Portugal leading to worsened relations
• England's relations with France:

  • Henry VIII's support for the anti-imperial League of Cognac in 1526
  • Wolsey's negotiations with Charles V leading to strained relations
  • Charles and Francis signing the Treaty of Nice in 1538, severing connections with England
  • Pope Paul III's bull against Henry, leading to strained relations