CHAPTER 2: INTEGRATIVE APPROACH

• One dimentional/ unidimentional- looking for single cause
• multidimentional model- looking for systemic cause, looked at different domains
• Systemic- which derives from the word system, is a set of elements that interact or are interdependent on one another
• Context- is the biology and behavior of the individual
• epigenetics- a newer field of study shedding light on how social, psychological and environmental influences can actually change which genes in a person's DNA may activate or may be turn off
• Vasovagal syncope- a commo cause of fainting
• syncope- means sinking feeling or swoon cause by low blood pressure in the head
• Rejection- particularly by authority figures, can make psychological disorders worse than they otherwise would be
• biopsychosocial model- strives for a more holistic approach by recognizing that each patient has his or her own thoughts, feelings and history
• genes- considered basic unit of inheritance. long molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid
• sex chromosomes- determines an individuals sex
• dominant gene- one pair of genes that strongly influences a particular trait
• recessive gene- must be paired with another
• the punnett square- a square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment.
• reginald C. punnett- who devised the approach in 1905.
• DNA- encodes all genetic information and is the blueprint from which all biological life is created
• RNA- the reader that decodes this flash frive.
• Messenger RNA (mRNA)- copies portion of genetic code, a process called transcription and transport these copies to ribosomes.
• Transfer RNA (tRNA)- responsible for bringing amino acids, basic protein building blocks to these protein factories.
• polygenic inheritance- that there are multiple genes that interact to contribute to the development of mental disorders.
• Human genome- an individual set of genes consist more than 20,000 genes.
• Quantitative genetics- sums up all the tiny effects across many genes without necessarily telling us which genes are responsible for which effects.
• Molecular genetics- focuses on examining the actual structure of genes with increasingly advanced technologies such as DNA microarrays
• Diathesis-stress model- help us understand why one person might develop or why two people from similar backgrounds might develop different disorders
• Threshold- a point at which the person's coping abilities and social, psychological and biological defenses cannot manage their level of life stress.
• Diathesis stress model- individuals are assumed to inherit certain vulnerabilities that make them susceptible to a disorder
• Eric Kandel- speculated that the process of learning affects more than behavior.
• Reciprocal gene-environment model (rGE) - the tendency of individuals to select and generate their environment based on genetics feature that influence behavior, thoughts and feelings.
• Robert Sapolsky- a prominent neuroscientist, concluded genetic influences are often a less powerful than is commonly believed.
• Spinal cord- primarily function is to facilitate the sending of messages to and from the brain
• Brain- uses average of 140 billion nerve cells, called neurons, to control our thoughts and actions.
• Dendrite- receive messages in the form of chemical impulses from other nerve cells
• axon- transmits these impulses to other neurons
• Acetylcholine- Muscle action memory, increased arousal, enhance cognition
• Beta-endorphin- pain, pleasure decreased anxiety, decreased tension
• Dopamine- mood, sleep, learning, increased pleasure, suppressed appetite.
• Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)- brain, function, sleep, Decreased anxiety, decreased tension
• Glutamate- memory, learning , increased learning, enhance memory
• Norepinephrine- Heart, intestines, alertness, increased arousal, suppressed appetite
• Serotonin- mood, sleep, modulated mood, suppressed appetite