CHAPTER1: KEY TERMS

• Psychological disorder- psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected
• Phobia- a psychological disorder characterized by marked and persistent fear of an object or situation.
• Abnormal behavior- it is a psychological dysfunction within an individual that is associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected.
• psychopathology- the scientific study of psychological disorders
• scientist-practitioners - many mental health professional take a scientific approach to their clinical work
• presenting problem- presents is a traditional shorthand way of indicating why the person came to the clinic
• Clinical description- which represents the unique combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that make up a specific disorder
• prevalence- how many people in the population as a whole have the disorder?
• Incidence- statistics on how many cases occur during given period.
• course- pattern
• Chronic course- meaning that they tend to last a long time, sometimes a lifetime
• episodic course- the individual is likely to recover within a few months only to suffer a recurrence of the disorder later time.
• time-limited course- meaning the disorder will improve without treatment in a relatively short period with little or no risk of recurrence
• Acute onset- meaning that they begin suddenly
• Insidious onset- develop gradually over an extended period
• prognosis- anticipated course of disorder
• etiology- the study of the origins
• exorcism- various religious rituals were performed in an effort to rid the victim of evil spirit
• psychological treatment- focus not only on psychological factors but also on social and cultural
• moral therapy- referred more to emotional or psychological factors rather than to a code of conduct.
• mental hygiene movement- reform in the treatment of insanity, humane treatment
• psychoanalysis- psychoanalytic assessment and therapy, which emphasized the exploration of, and insight into unconscious processes and conflicts, pioneered by sigmund freud.
• behaviorism- explanation of human behavior, including dysfunction based on principles of learning
• unconscious- part of the psychic makeup that is outside the awareness of the person.
• catharsis- rapid or sudden release of emotional tension thought to be an important factor in psychoanalytic therapy.
• psychoanalytic model- complex and comprehensive theory originally advanced by Sigmund Freud that seeks to account for the development and structure of personality, as well as the origin of abnormal behavior, based primarily on inferred inner entities and forces.
• 1. Id- unconscious psychical entity present at birth
  2. Ego- the psychical entity responsible for finding realistic and practical ways to satisfy id drives
  3. Superego- the psychical entity representing the internalized moral principle
• intrapsychic conflicts- the struggles among the id, ego and superego
• defense mechanism- common patterns of behavior, often adaptive coping styles when they occur in moderation
• psychosexual stages of development- the sequence of passes through during development.
• castration anxiety- the fears in young boys that they will be mutilated genitally because of their lust for their mothers
• neurosis- obsolete psychodynamic term for psychological disorder
• ego psychology- theory emphasize the role of ego
• self- psychology - failure of the ego to manage impulses and internal conflicts.
• collective unconscious- accumulated wisdom of a culture collected and remembered across generations, a psychodynamic concept introduced by carl jung.
• free association- psychoanalytic therapy technique intended to explore threatening material repressed into the unconscious.
• dream analysis- psychoanalytic therapy method in which dream contents are examined as symbolic of id.
• psychoanalyst- after earning either an M.D or a Ph.D. degree and receiving additional specializes postdoctoral training.
• transference- psychoanalytic concept suggesting that clients may seek to relate to the therapist as they do to important authority figures, particularly their parents.
• psychodynamic psychotherapy- a contemporary version of psychoanalysis that still emphasizes the unconscious process and conflicts but is briefer and more focused on specific problems.