Case Study's

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studywithem4

Cards (43)

What is an example of high energy coastline?
Flamborough Head
How long is the stretch of Coastline between Saltburn to Flamborough Head?
60km
What are the 2 types of rock present?
Sandstone - North York Moors
Chalk - Flamborough Head
How long is the wave fetch and where is it recieved? 
1500km - Mostly in Saltburn
What process happens in a North-South direction?
Longshore drift - causing erosion
How many sediment cells are in the area?
1
What was the net increase of sediment in Saltburn between 2008-2011?
9245m^2
Where does the majority of sediment input happen, and why?
Saltburn - Due to resistant sandstone - creating loss of energy.
At Flamborough what is the geology of the cliffs?
Made of chalk standing at 20-30m high.
The rocks are overlying until they are lowered.
What is the geology of the cliff's along the Saltburn - Flamborough Head?
Made of sedimentary rocks
Horizontally bedded, with a verticle face
Weak glacial tilt caused by low angled cliffs?
Between Saltburn to Robin Hood's Bay what are the cliffs like?
Higher cliffs with steeper profiles
More varied geology, both sandstone and limestone
Gentle slopes near the clay area
What are the shoreline platforms like at Robin's Hood Bay?
Slope typically at 1 degrees, with the steepest being an 18 degree angle.
Formed in the last 6000 years
The bay is protected by a layer of sandstone
Where is the Mississippi river located?
River source at Lake Itasca (Minnesota)
Flowing through 10 different states
Mouth of the river is in Gulf of Mexico
What is an example of a low energy coast line?
Mississippi River
Statistics of the Mississippi River?
2,350 miles and ranked the 2nd longest in the US
Average speed of 1.2 miles per hour
Drains an area in 3.2 million square miles
What is the sediment found in the Mississippi river?
Upstream has little sediment
Downstream is more varied with 30% sand, 40% silt and clay 30%.
Why is there a large sediment catchment area in the Mississippi river?
Mountain ranges have caused a funnel for surface run off to drain down the sides and into the river
What does the Mississippi delta look like?
Delta is in South Louisiana forming a basin and stretching out when sediment is deposited.
16 different deltas
How was the delta formed?
Formed 700 years ago
The Delta cycle means that each new cycle results in a new delta lobe due to the sediment being deposited
Sediment builds up and vegetation grows anchoring the delta
The course changes and old deltas are abandonded with new ones forming
Old deltas erode and eventually become barrier island to form their old extent
Dynamic environment
What are the coastal features of the Mississippi delta?
Chandeleur Islands are a chain of uninhabited barrier islands, 50 miles long in the Gulf of Mexico
Formed 2,000 years ago
Breton National Wildlife refuge was established in 1904 - playing a key role in bird migration
Due to hurricane activity the barrier has been shrinking and birds are migrating inwards.
Coastal wetlands make 40% of the lower 48 states in the delta
Ranging from forest areas to grassland
Interconnected habitats with 400,000 hectares being lost in recent years due to human activity such as urban developments.
Where is the Mangawhai-Pakiri coast located?
East Coast of New Zealand's Auckland Peninsula
How long is the Mangawhai-Pakiri coast?
20km
What economic boost does the Mangawhai-Pakiri coast provide to New Zealand?
Sand is a major source, and used in glass, concrete etc. High quality sand is in the area, contributing to 35% of the country's GDP.
Tourist destination, having 2.3 million in 2015
Area is now growing rapidly
What effect is the change of sediment having on the Mangwhai-Pakiri coast?
Nearshore dreading has happened for 70 years, stopping in Mangwhai in 2005 but continuing in Pakiri with 7500m^3 a year being extracted.
Most sediment found in the budget is from offshore sources due to few rivers being in the area
Area is a closed system, so no sand is replaced naturally
Local supply within dunes is depleating
What are the consequences of change upon the landscape?
Loss of vegetation makes it susceptable to wind erosion
In December 2006 $20 million was paid to make a regional part to help save 2 national species New Zealand fury tern and the New Zealand dotterel
A 2 year monitoring program for sediment was also installed.
What impact is sand mining having on process and sediment budget in the Mangwhai-Pakiri coast?
Current extraction rates are unsustainable due to the closed system being in place, beaches have become wider and flatter and less efficient in absorbing wave energy
High energy waves are eroding the beaches, risking dunes and spits
Studies from the local council have shown increased rates of coastal erosion due to lack of protection
How are the changes on the Mangwhai-Pakiri coast being combated?
Mining in Pakiri coast is continuing but in the Mangwhai it has been banned
Local communities are successful in protecting their environment
Where is the Sandbanks coast?
Located in the Southwest of Bournemouth, seperating Poole Harbour from Poole Bay.
5km spit
Where does the curve along the Sandbank spit occur?
To the West towards the Celtic Sea
Why does Sandbanks need management?
Estimated to be the 4th most expensive place to live in the world
Many commercial properties are there, such as Sandbanks Hotel, providing jobs and employment
Large tourist area due to its blue flag for water quality, drawing in families to beaches and activities such as water sports
Poole Harbor is used for commercial ships and ferries
0.6 rise in sea levels has left the area at its lowest and narrowest, being only 2m above sea level
If property damage happens it is due to cost £18m
What management has been implimented in the Sandbanks Coast?
Rock groynes - minimized sediment moving through long shore drift, allowing access for ships and absorbing wave energy. Reducing the 0.1m of beach being eroded per year
Sediment was placed onto the beach during 'rainbowing', costing £20/m^3. Despite natural currents doing this, its a slow process.
A shoreline management plan was added in the area in 2010, lasting 20-100 years
A refresh of the plan to make sure it was all up to date
What is the wave direction in Sandbanks?
East to West
What is the wind strength in Sand banks
15.7mph from October 2023
Who funded management on the Sandbanks?
Defra and environmental agency
How long are the groynes currently?
75m long and 2.5 meters appart
What happened to any deteriated groynes at Sandbanks?
Used for decking in 2022 for new foot paths in Durley Chine and other projects.
What is an example of a coastline being used by people?
Mangawhai-Pakiri coastline, New Zealand
What is the estimated long term retreat of beaches along the Mangawhai-Pakiri coast?
35 meters
What are the current dredging rates of the Mangwhai-Pakiri area?
75,000 cubic meters per year
What problems did the 1978 storms cause on the Mangwhai-Pakiri coast?
28-meter breach of the Mangawhai Spit