ENGLISH Q3 REVIEWER

• Bias is when an author expresses their opinion on an issue without enough evidence
• Bias can be influenced by personal beliefs, cultures, attitudes, preferences, and past experiences
• Bias Free Language helps to avoid confusion and needless anger on the part of the reader
• Use clear, objective, and stereotype-free language to avoid bias
• Avoid making generalizations about gender, ethnicity, race, sexual orientation, or people with disabilities
• Biased writing is subjective, focuses on one side, and presents the issue unfairly
• Unbiased writing is subjective, focuses on both sides, and presents the issue fairly
• To determine the author's biases, look at evidences and diction
• Evidences can be facts, information, testimonies, direct observations, scientific and legal findings, anecdotes, and philosophical evidences
• Diction refers to the words or expressions that convey the author's stance on an issue
• Words and expressions may indicate a positive or negative connotation of meaning
• Propaganda is designed to persuade and influence opinions, emotions, attitudes, or behavior
• Types of Propaganda:

  • Bandwagon: everyone is doing it, a trend to join in and fit in
  • Testimonial: public figure or celebrity endorses an idea, product, publicly or candidate
  • Name Calling/Stereotyping: labels the object of the propaganda campaign as something the target audience fears, hates, or finds undesirable
  • Transfer: projects positive or negative qualities of a person, entity, object, or value to another to make it more acceptable or discredit it
  • Emotional Appeal: calls upon the audience's emotions or feelings
• • Simplification: reduces crucial issues to basic ideas and packages them with catchy slogans and images, targeting uninformed readers or customers
  • Loaded Words: uses words with emotional appeal or stereotypes to influence an audience, even if they cannot be supported by concrete evidence
• • Card Stocking: omits certain facts to mislead the audience and make a product appear better than it is
  • Glittering Generalization: uses emotional or vague statements to persuade the audience, creating positive anecdotes to make products look appealing
  • Plain Folks Propaganda: uses ordinary folks to promote a product, making it seem like it is for everyone and used by common people
  • Soft Soap: uses flattering or insincere compliments to get the audience on the side of the speaker
• Emphasis is a form of exaggeration or amplification making things bigger in some way than they really are
• Emphasis Markers are words and expressions that emphasize a point according to their categories and functions
• Emphasis Markers include:

  • Rhetorical Question
  • Modality
  • Emotive Language
  • Personal Pronouns
  • Repetition
  • Exaggeration
• Rhetorical Question:

  • Asked to lay emphasis on some point being discussed, when no real answer is expected
  • May have an obvious answer, but the questioner asks it to lay emphasis to the point
• Examples of Rhetorical Question:

  • "If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? If you poison us, do we not die? And if you wrong us, shall we not revenge?" - The Merchant of Venice (By William Shakespeare)
• Modality:

  • Use words to indicate the degree to which something is probable
• Examples of Modality:

  • "If you panic, she will be frightened"
  • "Once you have tried my goods, I am sure you will never be without them"
• Emotive Language:

  • Deliberate choice of words to elicit emotion to make the reader feel certain emotions
• Examples of Emotive Language:

  • "He was so awful to me. I've never, ever been treated that way."
  • "The gorgeous-looking car model in immaculate condition had a test drive today!"
• Personal Pronouns:

  • Using "we," "you," and "us" to create a connection between writers and readers
  • Makes the text seem as though it is directly addressing the reader, making it more personal and more likely for the reader to respond
• Examples of Personal Pronouns:

  • "We are one in this fight of Covid-19."
  • "You are the reason I live for."
  • "I don't think it's a good idea for us to be out here alone."
• Repetition:

  • Saying the same word or phrase more than once for emphasis
  • Tells the reader or audience that the words being used are central enough to be repeated, and lets them know when to pay special attention to the language
• Examples of Repetitions:

  • "Every day I'm happy because you love me, I'm more fulfilled because you love me, I have everything because you love me."
  • "We resolve to be brave. We resolve to be good. We resolve to uphold the law according to our oath."
• Exaggeration:

  • Making something seem much better or much worse than it really is
  • Emphasis is a form of exaggeration or amplification making things bigger in some way than they really are and to draw attention to things
• Examples of Exaggeration:

  • "Louis was thirsty enough to drink a river dry."
  • "The shopping cost me a million dollars."
  • "I was walking along when suddenly this enormous dog walked along. It was as big as an elephant."