unintentional injuries

• First aider

  Someone who gives first aid
• Accidents may happen to anybody at any place at any time
• Topics covered in the health lesson

  • First aid
  • Prevention for different unintentional injuries
• Secondary survey of the victim

  1. Record all data and surrender to the rescue team

  2. Interview the victim for symptoms, allergy, medication, past medical history, last oral intake, events prior to the accident (SAMPLE)
• Characteristics of a good first aider

  • Gentle
  • Observant
  • Resourceful
  • Tactful
  • Sympathetic
• Don'ts in giving first aid

  • Don't give food and drink to an unconscious person
  • Don't move an injured person unless you need to place him or her in the recovery position
• Emergency action principles

  1. Step 1: Ensure the scene is safe

  2. Step 2: Check the victim's position

  3. Step 3: Check for responsiveness

  4. Step 4: Call for help if no response

  5. Step 5: Do the primary survey (ABC)

  6. Step 6: Give initial breaths

  7. Step 7: Remove blocking clothes

  8. Step 8: Perform CPR

  9. Step 9: Continue CPR or do secondary survey

  10. Step 10: Do the secondary survey
• First aid is immediate and temporary care given to a person who suddenly gets ill or injured
• Main objectives of giving first aid

  • Save lives
  • Prolong lives
  • Alleviate suffering
  • Prevent further injury
• Prevention is better than cure
• Do's in giving first aid

  • Stay calm
  • Reassure and comfort the victim
  • Check for a medical bracelet indicating a condition such as epilepsy or diabetes
  • Loosen any tight clothing
  • Keep the victim covered to reduce shock
• Acronym SAMPLE

  • Signs and symptoms
  • Allergies
  • Medications
  • Past medical history
  • Last oral intake
  • Events prior to the accident
• Skin color

  Bluish color may mean lack of oxygen or cyanosis
• Checking pulse

  Use fingertips to feel pulsations over an artery to determine pulse rate
• Eyes

  Deleted appearance might indicate shock, Constricted might mean stroke or drug abuse, Unequal pupils might indicate stroke or head injuries
• Normal pulse rates

  • 60 to 70 for men, 70 to 80 for women, 80 to 90 for children over 7 years old, 80 to 120 for children 1 to 7 years old, 110 to 130 for infants
• Checking respiration

  Count breaths per minute, abnormal sounds may indicate issues like asthma or airway obstruction
• Head-to-toe examination guidelines

  Check for lacerations, contusions, blood presence, fluid in nose and ears, pupil appearance, cuts, bruises, penetrations, tenderness, lumps, movement and sensation in extremities
• Back area examination

  Check for movement, sensation, immobilize if necessary
• Chest area examination


  Check for cuts, bruises, penetrations, pain on chest pressure may indicate rib fracture
• Information to gather in a medical assessment

  • Medication
  • Past medical history
  • Last oral intake
  • Events prior to the accident
• Nose


  Watery appearance may mean fracture or skull injury
• Checking vital signs

  Measures of various physiological statistics taken to assess basic body functions: Body temperature, Pulse rate, Blood pressure, Respiratory rate
• Checking body temperature

  Measure using a thermometer in rectum, oral, or auxiliary
• Things to avoid in getting the pulse rate: Never use your thumb, Do not palpate both carotid arteries simultaneously, Do not take pulse when victim is in a sitting position, Avoid putting too much pressure or massaging the carotid
• Checking for vital signs

  Carefully check for the following vital signs: Eyes, Nose, Skin color, Body temperature, Blood pressure
• Checking skin color

  Reflects blood circulation and oxygen saturation, mucous presence indicates poor circulation, warm and pink skin indicates normal blood flow
• Pupil appearance

  Deleted indicates shock, Small may indicate poison or drug use, Unequal size may indicate head injury, Small and bright are reactive, No reaction may indicate death
• Signs vs Symptoms

  Signs are observed details, Symptoms are sensations felt by the victim
• Abdomen examination


  Check for pain, tenderness, lumps, get medical assistance if needed
• Symptoms

  • Bleeding
  • Swelling
  • Deformities
• Primary survey


  Used when victim is unconscious to immediately treat life-threatening conditions
• Dressing application

  Steps: Wash hands and wear gloves, Unwrap dressing close to wound, Place dressing over wound, Secure with bandage or adhesive tape
• Symptoms

  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Heat
  • Impaired sensations
• Bandage application

  Used to apply pressure to bleeding, cover wounds, burns, and provide support for immobilization
• A wound is a break in the continuity of a tissue in the body
• Triangular bandage


  • Used for various purposes like cold compress, padding, support, and immobilization
• Physical examination

  Two ways: Primary survey and Secondary survey
• Symptoms

  Details discovered by applying senses like sight, touch, hearing, and smell during examination
• Secondary survey

  Used when victim is conscious or has revived to detect everything about the patient's condition