BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

• AASHTO: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
• ANSI: American National Standards Institute
• ASTM: American Society for Testing Materials
• DPWH: Dept. of Public Works and Highways (Phil Govt)
• USCS: Unified Soil Classification System
• AASHTO Soil Classification System classifies inorganic soils for suitability as subgrade materials in terms of good drainage and bearing capacity
• AASHTO defines particle sizes as:

  • Boulders: above 75mm
  • Gravel: 75mm to No.10 sieve
  • Coarse Sand: No.10 to No.40 sieve
  • Fine Sand: No.40 to No.200 sieve
  • Silt - Clay Particles: passing No.200 sieve
• Atterberg Limits tests are performed on soils passing the No.40 sieve:

  • Liquid Limit (LL): moisture content at which a soil changes from liquid to plastic state
  • Plastic Limit (PL): water content at which a silt or clay material will just begin to crumble when rolled into a thread approx 3.2mm (1/8 inch) in diameter
  • Plasticity Index (PI): Liquid Limit minus Plastic Limit
• Fill materials used for raising existing grade or as a man-made deposit are classified under USCS as:

  • GW, GM, GP: Gravels with > 50% retained on No. 200 sieve and > 50% further retained on No. 40 sieve
  • SW, SM: Sands with > 50% retained on No. 200 sieve and 50% or more passes No. 40 sieve
• Granular Fill or Filters are soil materials with sand equivalent of not less than 50% used to prevent the movement of fine particles out of soils and other natural materials through which seepage occurs, conforming to ASTM C 33, size 67
• Borrow Fill is selected laboratory-approved pit-run gravel, disintegrated granite, sand, shale, cinders, or similar materials with not more than 35% fraction passing the No. 200 sieve
• Base Course Materials are hard durable fragments of stone and a filler of sand or other finely divided mineral matter, free from vegetable matter and lumps of clay, complying with AASHTO Methods T-11 and T-26 Grading Requirements
• Local Borrow Fill materials:

  • BANDA Y BANDA
  • ESCOMBRO P5,000 per 15 16 cum
  • ESCOMBRO – BULIK (for Riprap)
• Riprap (Rock Lining) is a special class of very large aggregate used for protection against erosion, scour, or sloughing of a structure or embankment
• Wire-enclosed riprap consists of mats or baskets fabricated from wire mesh, filled with small riprap, and anchored to a slope
• Gabion System involves wrapping the riprap to enable the use of smaller rocks for the same resistance to displacement by water energy as larger unwrapped riprap, advantageous in areas inaccessible to trucks or large construction equipment
• Gabion baskets or mattresses can be made from commercially available wire units or from available wire fencing material or may be fabricated from No. 9 or No. 12 galvanized wire
• Criteria for Gabion Thickness depend on bank soil type, maximum velocity, and bank slope
• Geosynthetics include Geotextiles, Geomembranes, Geocomposites, Geonets, and Geocells
• Geotextiles are woven or nonwoven fabric made from polymeric materials used for reinforcement, separation, filtration, and in-plane drainage
• Geomembranes are continuous polymeric sheets that are impermeable, frequently made from HDPE, PVC, or EPDM
• Geocomposites consist of a combination of geosynthetic components, usually sheet or edge drains consisting of a prefabricated core to which a geotextile filter is bonded
• Geonets are a type of geosynthetic that consists of a continuous extrusion of polymeric ribs that form void space through which provide in-plane flow capacity
• Different types of geomembranes have significantly different properties including strength, longevity, resistance to ultraviolet light, thermal expansion and contraction, chemical resistance, and ease of installation
• Geocomposite sheet drains are available that allow flow in from one or both faces
• Geonets with bonded geotextile filters are sometimes referred to as
• Geosynthetics can be further categorized into components for various applications such as reinforcement, separation, filtration, erosion control, sediment control, and in-plane drainage
• Geonets are available with or without bonded geotextile filters
• Geonets with bonded geotextile filters are sometimes referred to as composite drainage nets (CDNs)
• Geocell systems are collapsed for delivery to the site
• Geocells are three-dimensional prefabricated polymeric systems ranging from 100 to 200 mm (4 to 8 inches) high
• Upon arrival at a site, they are spread open and filled to form a three-dimensional reinforced mattress
• Geocells were originally developed to rapidly stabilize soft subgrades for mobilization of large equipment
• Now frequently used for protection and stabilization of steep slope surfaces and protective linings for channels
• Materials used for both temporary and permanent erosion protection include open mesh polymeric systems, biodegradable mesh systems, or a combination of polymeric and biodegradable mesh
• Open mesh systems serve as a semi-permanent mulch, anchoring seeds and soil particles subject to erosive flows in channels
• Greater flow rates and volumes usually require denser mesh and more durable construction
• Termite proofing has three types: Physical barriers, Chemical barriers, and Colony Elimination (Bait) System
• Physical barriers prevent termites from accessing the wood in a home
• Termite Resistant Sand - a layer of sand with uniform size particles used around the foundation of a home during construction