Midterms

• learning is a permanent change in mental processing, emotional functioning, and/or behavior as a result of experience.
• a learning theory is a coherent framework and a set of integrated constructs and principles that describe, predict, and explain human learning.
• behaviorist learning theory is the product of the stimulus conditions (S) and the responses (R) that follows. this is sometimes termed as the S-R model of learning.
• behaviorists closely observes responses and then manipulates the environment to bring about the intended change
• change - modify people's attitudes and responses by altering stimulus conditions or changing what happens after a response occurs
• motivation - the desire to reduce some drive, hence satisfied, complacent, healthy or satiated individuals have little motivation to learn and change.
• transfer - through practice (strengthening habits) and a similarity in the stimuli and response between the learning situation and future situations where the response is to be performed.
• classical conditioning by Ivan Pavlov
• respondent conditioning emphasizes the importance of stimulus conditions and the associations formed in the learning process
• • NS = neutral stimulus
  • UCS = unconditioned stimulus
  • UCR - unconditioned response
  • CS = conditioned stimulus
  • CR = conditioned response
• respondent conditioning may be used to extinguish a previously learned response
• systematic desensitization is a technique based on respondent conditioning that is used to reduce fear and anxiety
• stimulus generalization is the tendency of initial learning experiences to be easily applied to other similar stimuli
• discrimination learning occurs when individuals learn to differentiate among other stimuli as they go through more and varied experiences.
• spontaneous recovery happens when a response "recovers" and reappears at any time, especially when the stimulus conditions are similar to the initial learning experience.
• operant conditioning (skinner, 1989) is the process of learning through reinforcement
• positive reinforcement, reward conditioning, negative reinforcement, escape conditioning and avoidance conditioning all increase the probability of a response.
• nonreinforcement and punishment decrease the probability of a response
• positive reinforcement is the application of a pleasant stimulus
• reward conditioning is when a pleasant stimulus is applied following an organism's response
• negative reinforcement removes an unpleasant stimulus
• escape conditioning is when an aversive stimulus is applied, the organism makes a response that makes the unpleasant stimulus to cease
• avoidance conditioning is when an aversive stimulus is anticipated by the organism, who makes a response to avoid the unpleasant event.
• nonreinforcement occurs when an organism's conditioned response is not followed by any kind of reinforcement
• punishment is when an aversive stimulus is applied which the organism cannot escape or avoid
• gestalt perspective emphasizes the importance of perception in learning
• information processing emphasizes thinking thought process
• 3 types of memory: sensory, short-term, and long-term
• cognitive development focuses on qualitative changes in perceiving, thinking, and reasoning as individuals grow and mature
• assessing a person's level of cognitive functioning is important in accomplishing health education
• • Jean Piaget - cognitive
  • Lawrence Kohberg - moral
  • Erik Erikson - psychosocial
  • Sigmund Freud - psychosexual
• the cons of the theory of cognitive development is that it neglects social factors and is largely based on Western Culture
• social constructivism is the learning process strongly influenced by culture and effective learning occurs through social interaction, collaboration, and negotiation
• social cognition highlights the influence of social factor on perception, thought, and motivation
• social learning theory implies that much of learning occurs by observation - learning is often a social process
• the 4 phases in the social learning theory according to bandura (1977) are: attentional, retention, reproduction, and motivational
• psychodynamic learning theory uses the importance of conscious and unconscious forces in guiding behavior, personality conflicts, and enduring effects of childhood experiences
• id is he libidinal energy
• eros, aka life force, is the desire for pleasure and sex
• thanatos (death wish) is the aggressive and destructive impulses