Natural Selection

• Natural selection is the process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce more than those less well-adapted.
• The theory of natural selection was proposed by Charles Darwin, who observed that certain traits were passed down from generation to generation.
• Darwin's finches are an example of how natural selection can lead to adaptations that allow different species to coexist in the same habitat.
• In the Galapagos Islands, there were several types of finches with beaks adapted to different food sources.
• JEAN-BAPTISTE LAMARCK concrete theory about organic evolution giraffes neck theory
• CHARLES DARWIN was born in 1809. at 22, ventured on an expedition for 5 years in South America and wrote the book On the Origins of Species
• • EVOLUTION is a theory that states species change over time.
• • SPECIES it refers to a group of organisms that look alike
• FOSSILS preserved remains of plants and animals whose bodies were buried in sedimentary rocks
• BIOCHEMICAL EVIDENCE IS nitrogen base sequences in genetic codes
• • MORPHOLOGY is the study of the size, shape, and structure of animals, plants, and microorganisms and of the relationships of their constituent parts
• • ANATOMY is the study of structure of the body of an organism
• • Polyploid cell that has two more sets of chromosomes than the other cell is called a haploid
• Nondisjunction - a pair of homologous chromosomes failed to separate or segregate at anaphase so that both chromosomes of the pair pass to the same daughter cell
• • ADAPTIVE RADIATION species evolve from a common ancestor and diverse rapidly into different forms
• SYMPATRIC SPECIATION

  -Geographic isolation
• ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION - Geographic barriers
• • SPECIATION evolutionary process where new species arise speciation occurs, biodiversity increases
• MUTATION is the permanent change in the chemical structure of a gene
• • GENETIC DRIFT is population changes due to random events
• • VARIATION the existences of different varieties within a species
• • GENETIC VARIATIONdifference among cells of any species as a result of their genotypic and phenotypic variations.
• • ARTIFICIAL SELECTIONSelective breeding
• NATURAL SELECTION

  -process by which organisms with favorable variations survive in the natural environment
• •  TEMPO OF SPECIATION two models have been developed for interpreting and analyzing evolutionary patterns
• . GRADUALISM

  • gradual, step-by-step evolutionary changeslowly but consistently
• • PUNTUATED EQUILIBRIUM sudden huge change rapid evolutionary change during speciation followed by relatively long periods of stasis
• • ADAPTATION process by which a species becomes fitted to its environment
• • BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATION involves the way an animal acts upon to enhance its way of survival or reproduction-leane or instinctive
• • MIMICRY the act or art of copying or imitating closelyresemblance of two or more organisms that are not closely related taxonomically.
• • HIBERNATION deep sleep state of minimal activity and metabolic    depression undergone by some animal species
• • MIGRATIONS animals travel from one habitat to another
• • .PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS internal adjustments in the cells of an organism in response to an external stimulus.
• • TMEPORAL ISOLATION Two species whose range overlap have different periods of sexual activity
• ROBERT BOYLE’S LAW (1627-1691)

  (Pressure and Temperature) Father of Modern Chemistry
• • JACQUES CHARLES’S LAW (1746-1823)Beaugency, France                                                                           Volume of a gas varies directly with the absolute temperature at constant pressure                         
• • JOSEPH-LOUIS GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW (1778-1850)GUILLAUIME AMONTON’S LAW (1663-1705)(Pressure and Temperature)- Experimentalist from Limoges, FranceAt constant volume, pressure and absolute temperature are directly related